Effects of heat stress on serum insulin, adipokines, AMP-activated protein kinase, and heat shock signal molecules in dairy cows

Effects of heat stress on serum insulin, adipokines, AMP-activated protein kinase, and heat shock signal molecules in dairy cows 热应激对奶牛血液中胰岛素、脂肪因子、AMP激活蛋白激酶和热休克信号分子的影响 1 2 first-author 3 1 2 1 corresp ‡Corresponding Author ‡Corresponding Author †E-mail:zhengnan_1980@126.com †E-mail:zhengnan_1980@126.com zhengnan_1980@126.com 1 Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China Heat stress affects feed intake, milk production, and endocrine status in dairy cows. The temperature-humidity index (THI) is employed as an index to evaluate the degree of heat stress in dairy cows. However, it is difficult to ascertain whether THI is the most appropriate measurement of heat stress in dairy cows. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of heat stress on serum insulin, adipokines (leptin and adiponectin), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and heat shock signal molecules (heat shock transcription factor (HSF) and heat shock proteins (HSP)) in dairy cows and to research biomarkers to be used for better understanding the meaning of THI as a bioclimatic index. To achieve these objectives, two experiments were performed. The first experiment: eighteen lactating Holstein dairy cows were used. The treatments were: heat stress (HS, THI average=81.7, n =9) and cooling (CL, THI average=53.4, n =9). Samples of HS were obtained on August 16, 2013, and samples of CL were collected on April 7, 2014 in natural conditions. The second experiment: HS treatment cows ( n =9) from the first experiment were fed for 8 weeks from August 16, 2013 to October 12, 2013. Samples for moderate heat stress, mild heat stress, and no heat stress were obtained, respectively, according to the physical alterations of the THI. Results showed that heat stress significantly increased the serum adiponectin, AMPK, HSF, HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90 ( P < 0.05). Adiponectin is strongly associated with AMPK. The increases of adiponectin and AMPK may be one of the mechanisms to maintain homeostasis in heat-stressed dairy cows. When heat stress treatment lasted 8 weeks, a higher expression of HSF and HSP70 was observed under moderate heat stress. Serum HSF and HSP70 are sensitive and accurate in heat stress and they could be potential indicators of animal response to heat stress. We recommend serum HSF and HSP70 as meaningful biomarkers to supplement the THI and evaluate moderate heat stress in dairy cows in the future. 目的 2 比较热应激和非热应激状态下，奶牛血液中胰岛素、脂肪因子（瘦素和脂联素）、AMP激活蛋白激酶（AMPK）和热休克信号分子的变化，探索奶牛对热应激的代谢响应。同时，通过比较不同程度热应激，寻找稳定生物标记物评估奶牛热应激。 创新点 2 研究了热应激对奶牛血液中脂肪因子和AMPK的影响，验证了热应激条件下，脂联素和AMPK的关联性。科学假设了热休克信号分子作为生物标记物的可能性，通过比较不同程度热应激，得到了对热应激敏感性高的信号分子。 方法 2 通过牛属专一性的酶联免疫吸附试剂盒，快速检测奶牛血液中目标物的含量。 结论 2 热应激对奶牛胰岛素和瘦素的分泌无直接影响。然而，热应激导致干物质采食量降低，在相同的干物质采食量基础上，热应激提高了胰岛素和瘦素浓度。热应激导致脂联素和AMPK升高；脂联素和AMPK的协同作用是奶牛机体调节，适应热应激的重要途径。同时，建议将血液中的热休克转录因子（HSF）和热休克蛋白70（HSP70）作为生物标记物评估热应激，通过监测它们含量的变化预防热应激。 Heat stress Dairy cows Serum Temperature-humidity index (THI) Biomarkers 热应激 奶牛 血液 温湿度指数 生物标记物 Introduction 1 Despite advances in cooling systems and environmental management, heat stress continues to be a costly issue for the global animal agriculture industries (St-Pierre et al., 2003 2003 ). Dairy cows are extremely sensitive to the hot environment (Bernabucci et al., 2014 2014 ), and their alterations in the endocrine status (such as insulin) under heat stress have already been reported (Rhoads et al., 2009 2009 ; O'Brien et al., 2010 2010 ). In fact, heat stress does not only decrease milk yield by 35%–40% (West, 2003 2003 ), but also leads to health problems and metabolic disorders (Wheelock et al., 2010 2010 ; Bernabucci et al., 2014 2014 ). Two adipokines secreted by adipose: leptin and adiponectin, are metabolically relevant in coordinating energy homeostasis (Ailhaud, 2006 2006 ). However, little data is available on the interactions between heat stress and adipokines. To our knowledge, the effects of heat stress on leptin and adiponectin in dairy cows have not yet to be clearly elucidated. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) functions as a “fuel gauge” to monitor cellular energy status (Hardie et al., 2003 2003 ). A variety of stresses are known to activate AMPK in mammals (Frederich et al., 2009 2009 ). However, the relationship between heat stress and serum AMPK activity of dairy cows is still unclear. Berman ( 2005 2005 ) indicated that effective environmental temperature above 35 °C activated a heat stress response in dairy cows. Heat stress response includes activation of the heat shock transcription factor (HSF) and increased expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) (Collier et al., 2008 2008 ). Intriguing work demonstrates that extracellular HSP70 concentrations also increase during heat stress (Kavanagh et al., 2011 2011 ; Gaughan et al., 2013 2013 ). Therefore, we need to further investigate serum HSF and HSPs. HSF, a transcription factor family, has been demonstrated to be an important first responder during heat stress (Trinklein et al., 2004 2004 ; Page et al., 2006 2006 ). HSPs are considered as potential indicators of animal adaptation to harsh environmental stress and correlated with resistance to stress (Feder and Hofmann, 1999 1999 ). There is little information reported that shows serum HSF and HSPs can be biomarkers during heat stress. Traditionally, the temperature-humidity index (THI) is employed as the index to evaluate the degree of heat stress in dairy cows (Bernabucci et al., 2014 2014 ). The advantage of THI is that it is easy to use in practice, but THI is only a rough estimation of heat stress and not a direct reaction of animal metabolism. The radical physiological changes of heat-stressed dairy cows are intricate and multifactorial. Is THI the best indicator of heat stress in dairy cows? Further research is warranted to validate these potential predictive biomarkers to supplement the THI. Therefore, the objective of this present study is to investigate the effects of heat stress on serum insulin, leptin, adiponectin, AMPK, HSF, HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90 in dairy cows and find out whether serum HSF and HSPs can be biomarkers to supplement the THI. Materials and methods 1 All animals involved in this study were cared for according to the principles of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Animal Care and Use Committee. The experiments were conducted at the Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). To achieve the objectives, two experiments were carried out. The first experiment: eighteen lactating Holstein dairy cows were used ((2.2±1.1) parities and (162±18) d in milk (DIM)). The treatments were: heat stress (HS, THI average=81.7, n =9) on August 16, 2013 and cooling (CL, THI average=53.4, n =9) on April 7, 2014 in natural conditions. Parities and DIM were similar between the treatments ((2.1±1.1) parities and (161±23) DIM for HS and (2.3±0.9) parities and (162±7) DIM for CL). Cows suffered HS and CL more than three weeks before sampling, respectively. The THI was calculated using the following equation: THI=[0.8×ambient temperature (°C)]+[(% relative humidity/100)×(ambient temperature−14.4)] +46.4 (Buffington et al., 1981 1981 ). It was recorded at 06:00, 14:00, and 22:00 and in this experiment the THI presented a daily THI average. The second experiment: HS treatment cows ( n =9) from first experiment were continuously fed for 8 weeks in natural conditions from August 16, 2013 to October 12, 2013. Serum samples were collected on August 16, 2013, September 24, 2013, and October 12, 2013. Their THI averages were 81.7, 78.0, and 68.9, respectively. According to the thresholds described by Armstrong ( 1994 1994 ), they belonged to moderate, mild, and no heat stress in turn (Fig. 1 1 ). We collected serum samples at August 16, 2013, September 24, 2013, and October 12, 2013. The THI averages were 81.7, 78.0, and 68.9, respectively. Thresholds for moderate heat stress, mild heat stress, and no heat stress are from Armstrong ( 1994 1994 ) The basal diet (as total mixed ration (TMR)) was formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins according to the Feeding Standards of Dairy Cattle in China (MOA, 2004 2004 ). Diets were the same as our previous study (Cheng et al., 2014 2014 ). Dry matter (DM) basis contained 16.7% corn silage, 8.7% Chinese wild rye, 14% alfalfa hay, 23% corn, 9.4% barley, 7.4% soybean meal, 3.4% cottonseed meal, 3.7% dry distillers grains, 3.4% rapeseed meal, 8.3% cottonseed, 0.54% dicalcium phosphate, 0.49% salt, 0.64% sodium bicarbonate, and 0.33% vitamin-mineral premix. The TMR contained 16.9% crude protein (CP), 39.1% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 22.5% acid detergent fiber (ADF), 1.07% calcium, and 0.48% phosphorus with net energy of lactation (NEL) of 6.99 MJ/kg of DM. All dairy cows were fed TMR ad libitum and milked three times daily (at 06:00, 14:00, and 22:00). The daily milk yield and dry matter intake (DMI) were measured individually. Meanwhile, body temperature indices (rectal temperatures and respiration rates) were obtained three times daily (at 06:00, 14:00, and 22:00). Rectal temperatures were measured using a glass mercury thermometer and respiration rates were determined by counting the number of flank movements for 1 min. Cows were serum sampled via the coccygeal vein puncture before morning feeding. Serum samples were obtained by centrifugation (3 000 g for 10 min at 4 °C) and stored at −80 °C until analyzed. Serum samples were analyzed for insulin, leptin, adiponectin, AMPK, HSF, HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90 using commercially available enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) kits specific for bovine (Shanghai Enzyme-linked Biotechnology Co., Ltd., China). Data for milk yield, DMI, rectal temperatures, respirations rates, and repeated-measures data (insulin, leptin, adiponectin, AMPK, HSF, HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90) were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The statistical model was as follows: Y ij = μ + T i + e ij , where Y ij is the dependent variable, μ is the overall mean, T i is the treatment effect, and e ij is the error term. Data were presented as least square means. Standard errors of the mean (SEM) are reported. Significance was declared at P < 0.05. Results and discussion 1 As expected, the rectal temperatures and respiration rates were markedly increased ( P < 0.05) in HS dairy cows (Table 1 1 ). Heat stress decreased DMI ( P < 0.05) and cows exposed to HS produced less milk compared with CL cows ( P < 0.05; Table 1 1 ). When evaluating the HS cows from the first experiment which lasted 8 weeks, the results showed that moderate heat stress dairy cows had higher rectal temperatures and respiration rates than mild heat stress and no heat stress (Table 2 2 ). Interestingly, rectal temperatures did not differ between mild heat stress and no heat stress at 06:00, 14:00, and 22:00. Meanwhile, no significant differences were observed on production variables (DMI and milk yield) between mild heat stress and no heat stress. Respiration rates were more sensitive at 06:00 and 14:00 to separate mild heat stress and no heat stress. The differences among moderate heat stress, mild heat stress, and no heat stress in dairy cows need to be further researched. In this sense, it is important to research other biomarkers to better understand the meaning of THI as a bioclimatic index. Above all, we investigated the effects of heat stress on serum insulin, adipokines (leptin and adiponectin), AMPK, and heat shock signal molecules (HSF and HSPs) in dairy cows. No significant differences were observed in serum concentrations of insulin between HS and CL ( P > 0.05; Table 3 3 ). Li et al. ( 2006 2006 ) and Rhoads et al. ( 2013 2013 ) pointed out that proper insulin action is necessary to effectively mount a response to heat stress and minimize heat-induced damage. It is generally known that heat stress stimulates the concentrations of insulin (O'Brien et al., 2010 2010 ; Wheelock et al., 2010 2010 ). However, others insist that in heat-stressed dairy cows there is a reduction in feed intake, which prolongs the period of negative energy balance and this may lead to decreased serum concentrations of insulin (Rensis and Scaramuzzi, 2003 2003 ; Marai et al., 2007 2007 ). In our experiment, heat stress led to a significant reduction of DMI ( P < 0.05; Table 1 1 ). As we know, insulin is closely related to feed intake. So if we put the insulin data on a DMI basis (HS: insulin 0.51 ng/ml, DMI 17.89 kg/d vs. CL: insulin 0.57 ng/ml, DMI 24.45 kg/d), obviously heat stress stimulated the concentrations of insulin in the same DMI conditions. HS: heat stress; CL: cooling; SEM: standard error of the mean. Heat stress and cooling treatments occurred in natural condition. All dairy cows were individually fed TMR ad libitum three times daily. Heat stress, THI average=81.7 and cooling, THI average=53.4 2 Treatment ( n =9) 3 Rectal temperature (°C) 3 Respiration rate (breath/min) 2 DMI (kg/d) 2 Milk yield (kg/d) 6:00 14:00 22:00 6:00 14:00 22:00  HS 39.01 39.31 39.17 68.58 85.00 67.25 17.89 26.11  CL 38.29 38.32 38.51 36.67 40.25 36.17 24.45 37.44  SEM 0.13 0.13 0.11 3.79 4.99 3.64 0.26 0.93   P -value <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 HS: heat stress; SEM: standard error of the mean. HS treatment from first experiment lasted 8 weeks to investigate the changes under moderate heat stress, mild heat stress, and no heat stress. The THI averages were 81.7, 78.0, and 68.9, respectively. Each of different heat stress period occurred in natural condition. All dairy cows were individually fed TMR ad libitum three times daily. Within columns, means with different letter superscripts (a–c) are significantly different ( P < 0.05) 2 HS treatment ( n =9) 3 Rectal temperature (°C) 3 Respiration rate (breath/min) 2 DMI (kg/d) 2 Milk yield (kg/d) 6:00 14:00 22:00 6:00 14:00 22:00  Moderate 39.01 a 39.31 a 39.17 a 68.58 a 85.00 a 67.25 a 17.89 a 26.11 a  Mild 38.54 b 38.70 b 38.54 b 46.75 b 52.75 b 52.70 b 19.48 b 30.68 b  No 38.55 b 38.69 b 38.60 b 37.12 c 43.58 c 46.08 b 20.02 b 33.28 b  SEM 0.07 0.08 0.08 2.67 3.34 2.13 0.26 0.85   P -value <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 HS: heat stress; CL: cooling; SEM: standard error of the mean. Heat stress and cooling treatments occurred in natural condition. All dairy cows were individually fed TMR ad libitum three times daily. Heat stress, THI average=81.7 and cooling, THI average=53.4 Treatment ( n =9) Insulin (ng/ml) Leptin (ng/ml) Adiponectin (μg/ml) AMPK (U/L) HSF (ng/ml) HSP27 (ng/L) HSP70 (ng/ml) HSP90 (ng/ml)  HS 0.51 1.28 17.49 29.05 20.46 208.13 25.99 28.40  CL 0.57 1.08 11.29 19.57 12.52 132.82 13.61 25.98  SEM 0.02 0.07 1.22 2.02 1.71 14.49 2.47 0.55   P -value 0.11 0.17 <0.01 <0.01 0.011 <0.01 <0.01 0.018 There was no significant differences in serum concentrations of leptin between HS and CL in Table 3 3 ( P > 0.05). Heat stress up-regulates leptin expression and secretion in mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes (Bernabucci et al., 2009 2009 ; Morera et al., 2012 2012 ). Very little work has been done to evaluate changes and the biological role of leptin in heat-stressed dairy cows. We assumed that the amount of leptin changed in heat-stressed dairy cows. In fact, results suggested that heat stress may not directly affect the expression and secretion of leptin in dairy cows. If we put the leptin data on a DMI basis (HS: leptin 1.28 ng/ml, DMI 17.89 kg/d vs. CL: leptin 1.08 ng/ml, DMI 24.45 kg/d), heat stress increased the concentrations of leptin in the same DMI conditions. Heat stress increased the serum concentrations of adiponectin in Table 3 3 ( P < 0.05). The up-regulation of adiponectin observed in this study agrees with previous findings in mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes (Bernabucci et al., 2009 2009 ; Morera et al., 2012 2012 ), confirming a role of heat stress in modulating adiponectin expression. Park et al. ( 2005 2005 ) pointed out that heat stress induced an increase in the fluidity of membrane lipids, may cause signal transduction that would induce the cellular heat shock response to increase the HSP expression, which could directly stimulate adiponectin expression. The up-regulation of adiponectin may be what is responsible to better resist the damaging effects of heat stress. We suggested that an increase of adiponectin might be one of the mechanisms involved in acclimation to heat stress as the feedback in dairy cows. The precise role of adiponectin in heat-stressed dairy cows warrants further investigation. The different responses between adiponectin and leptin to heat stress in the present study supports the notion that two adipokines may independently regulate biological functions in dairy cows. The result showed that heat stress activated serum AMPK in Table 3 3 ( P < 0.05). Although the mechanism for AMPK release into serum remains ill-defined, determining serum AMPK may help in diagnosing metabolic diseases (Malvoisin et al., 2009 2009 ). AMPK is involved in many types of stress response. The first treatments shown to activate AMPK were pathologic stresses such as heat stress (Corton et al., 1994 1994 ). Heat stress has been shown to affect AMPK activity in the rock crab, AMPK activity increased by up to 9.1-fold from 18 to 30 °C (Frederich et al., 2009 2009 ). Liu and Brooks ( 2012 2012 ) found that 1 h mild heat stress in C2C12 myotubes up-regulated AMPK activity. Yamauchi et al. ( 2002 2002 ) demonstrated that adiponectin activates AMPK in C2C12 myocytes, skeletal muscle, and liver; meanwhile, the activation of AMPK is necessary for the adiponectin-induced stimulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation, fatty-acid oxidation, glucose uptake, and lactate production in muscle cells. Adiponectin is strongly associated with AMPK. In this sense, the increase of adiponectin activated AMPK during heat stress, dairy cows may enhance adiponectin and AMPK to cope with their adaptation to heat stress. As expected, serum HSF, HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90 levels increased significantly during heat stress ( P < 0.05; Table 3 3 ). Transcriptionally active HSF increases the expression of HSPs that promote the refolding of misfolded proteins (Li et al., 2011 2011 ). Overexpression of HSPs protects against hyperthermia during heat stress (Lee et al., 2006 2006 ). The rise in the concentration of HSF and HSPs could serve as a rapid protective mechanism against heat stress to maintain the homeostasis. Whether serum HSF and HSPs can be biomarkers during heat stress has not yet been reported. THI is employed as an index, which is a single value combining effects of air temperature and humidity, and to evaluate the degree of heat stress in dairy cows (Bernabucci et al., 2014 2014 ). THI has been used for more than four decades to assess heat stress in dairy cows. However, the THI does not include management factors (the effect of shade) or animal factors (genotype differences) (Gaughan et al., 2008 2008 ). It is only a rough estimation of heat stress, not a direct reaction of animal metabolism. Bohmanova et al. ( 2007 2007 ) demonstrated the THI differs in its ability to detect heat stress in the semiarid climate of Arizona and the humid climate of Georgia. Conceptually, it is difficult to ascertain whether the THI is the most appropriate measurement of heat stress in dairy cows (Dikmen and Hansen, 2009 2009 ). We hypothesized that serum signal molecules during heat shock response can be biomarkers to identify heat stress in dairy cows. HS significantly resulted in more HSF, HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90 (Table 3 3 ). However, when evaluating HS from the first experiment which lasted 8 weeks, the results showed no significant differences in HSP27 and HSP90 among moderate heat stress, mild heat stress, and no heat stress. Compared with mild heat stress and no heat stress dairy cows, moderate heat stress dairy cows had a higher expression of HSF and HSP70 ( P < 0.05; Table 4 4 ). HS: heat stress; SEM: standard error of the mean. HS treatment from the first experiment lasted 8 weeks to investigate the changes under moderate heat stress, mild heat stress, and no heat stress. The THI averages were 81.7, 78.0, and 68.9, respectively. Each of different heat stress period occurred in natural condition. All dairy cows were individually fed TMR ad libitum three times daily. Within columns, means with different letter superscripts (a and b) are different ( P < 0.05) HS treatment ( n =9) HSF (ng/ml) HSP27 (ng/L) HSP70 (ng/ml) HSP90 (ng/ml)  Moderate 20.46 a 208.13 25.99 a 28.40  Mild 13.86 b 169.80 16.57 b 27.94  No 13.75 b 172.11 16.78 b 27.53  SEM 1.21 8.86 1.60 0.51   P -value 0.02 0.14 0.012 0.80 Serum HSF and HSP70 were more sensitive and accurate in heat stress. A transcription factor family known as the HSF has been implicated as an important first responder during heat stress (Trinklein et al., 2004 2004 ; Page et al., 2006 2006 ). Among all the HSPs, HSP70 is the most inducible protein after thermal stress (Tanaka et al., 1988 1988 ), the most abundant and temperature sensitive (Beckham et al., 2004 2004 ). Their expression acts as potential indicators of animal adaptation to harsh environmental stress (Hansen, 2004 2004 ). Wang et al. ( 2003 2003 ) suggested HSP70 expression kinetics at different temperatures may be an important cause of the “second window of protection.” The HSP70 helped in conferring the thermo-adaptability and high level of heat resistance (Patir and Upadhyay, 2010 2010 ). Gaughan et al. ( 2013 2013 ) suggested that the blood concentration of HSP70 is a reliable indicator of heat stress. We supposed that serum HSF and HSP70 might be biomarkers to identify heat stress. We can monitor serum HSF and HSP70 changes to alert heat stress in dairy cows in the near future. Conclusions 1 To summarize, we speculate on the proposed heat stress model for endocrine and metabolic responses in dairy cows. Heat stress may not directly affect the secretion of insulin and leptin. However, if we put the data on a DMI basis, heat stress increased the concentrations of insulin and leptin under the same DMI conditions. During heat stress, the increase of adiponectin activated AMPK and dairy cows may enhance adiponectin and AMPK to cope with their adaptation to heat stress. Moreover, heat shock response activates HSF and increases the expression of HSPs to protect against hyperthermia. The main effects of these acclimatory responses are to coordinate metabolism to maintain homeostasis in heat stress. Additionally, serum HSF and HSP70 are sensitive and accurate in heat stress and they could be potential indicators of animal responses to heat stress. With the progress of technology, the determination of HSP and HSF in serum will be valuable. We recommend serum HSF and HSP70 as meaningful biomarkers and monitor their changes to alert heat stress in dairy cows in the future. References G Ailhaud . 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All institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals were followed. 10.1631/jzus.B1400341 Project supported by the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2011CB100805), the Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System of China (No. nycytx-04-01), and the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (No. ASTIP-IAS12), China 2014-11-30 2015-05-13 2015-04-08 2022-01-05 Copyright © Zhejiang University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 2015 Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B (Biomedicine and Biotechnology) 06 16