Effects of gas supersaturation on lethality and avoidance responses in juvenile rock carp (Procypris rabaudi Tchang)

Effects of gas supersaturation on lethality and avoidance responses in juvenile rock carp ( Procypris rabaudi Tchang) 1 first-author 1 corresp ‡Corresponding Author ‡Corresponding Author †E-mail:kefengli@scu.edu.cn †E-mail:kefengli@scu.edu.cn kefengli@scu.edu.cn 2 1 State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China Fisheries Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 611731, China Fisheries Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 611731, China Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation on acute lethality and avoidance responses in juvenile rock carp ( Procypris rabaudi Tchang). The juvenile rock carp were exposed to water with different levels of supersaturation (105%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, and 145%) and depth of 0.20 m at 25 °C for 60 h. Median lethal time (LT 50 ) was used to assess the lethal responses corresponding to different levels of gas supersaturation. The results show that half of the juvenile rock carp died at the 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, and 145% levels of supersaturation, and the LT 50 corresponding to different levels of supersaturation was 18.7, 15.4, 8.2, 6.6, 3.5, and 1.7 h. When the level of supersaturated water is below 115%, the mortality is negligible. Avoidance responses were observed 5 min after the fish were put into equilibrated water (99%, 0.08 m deep) and water with different supersaturated levels (105%, 115%, 125%, 135%, and 145%, 0.08 m deep) at 25 °C. The fish exhibited strong avoidance responses in supersaturated water when the gas supersaturation was above 135%. However, they exhibited an obvious preference to supersaturated water when the gas supersaturation was below 115%. Thus, the juvenile rock carp can likely survive in water with a supersaturated level of 115%. Gas supersaturation Lethality Avoidance Juvenile rock carp ( Procypris rabaudi Tchang) Introduction 1 Total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation occurs when the partial pressures of atmospheric gases in solution exceed the respective partial pressures in atmosphere. TDG supersaturation downstream from a dam generates from flood discharge. Previous studies have reported that salmonids have died from gas bubble disease (GBD) when the gas saturation level was in range of 120% to 143% in the Columbia River (Ebel, 1969 1969 ; Beiningen and Ebel, 1970 1970 ; 1971 1971 ; Meekin and Turner, 1974 1974 ). McGrath et al. ( 2006 2006 ) provided a review of literature relevant to the Columbia River system and suggested that a TDG lower than 120% may detrimentally affect sensitive species and the life stages of fishes as well as other organisms. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, 1995 1995 ; 2000 2000 ) indicated that TDG supersaturation levels between 110% and 120% have minimal impacts on aquatic biota in river environment. Therefore, a 120% TDG saturation in the tail water downstream from the dam and 115% TDG saturation in the fore bays have been allowed in Oregon and Washington States (NOAA, 1995 1995 ). Though the effect of TDG supersaturation on organisms has been acknowledged as an environmental concern, many countries have not set a limit for gas supersaturation, and this is especially true for China. During flood discharging in 2006 and 2007, TDG supersaturation downstream from the Three Gorges Dam exceeded 130% for several days (Li et al., 2009 2009 ), and fish died in the Gezhouba reservoir due to GBD (Tan, 2006 2006 ). Few studies are available on the lethality and avoidance responses in domestic species that were exposed to TDG supersaturated water in the Yangtze River. The objectives of this study are to determine the effects of TDG supersaturation on acute lethality in juvenile rock carp ( Procypris rabaudi Tchang) and to test the lateral avoidance responses in juvenile rock carp within various levels of supersaturated water. Materials and methods 1 Collection and holding of experimental fish 2 Juvenile rock carp ( Procypris rabaudi Tchang) which inhabit the upstream region of the Yangtze River were chosen for the experiment. They were hatched on April 23, 2009 from the Sichuan Fisheries Research Institute and transferred to the laboratory on July 3, 2009. The juveniles were placed in the laboratory for a fortnight to acclimate to living conditions, and it was assured that the mortality was less than 5% before initial testing. The experimental conditions were as follows: water temperature 25 °C, salinity 20‰, dissolved oxygen (DO) 7.5–8.0 mg/L, day/night-cycle 14 h light:10 h dark. The fish were fed on Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri once a day, and there was no feeding during the testing. The fish weight ranged from 2.41 to 2.48 g, while the total length ranged from 6.6 to 7.2 cm. Water quality monitoring 2 A Point-Four device (Point Four Systems Inc., Canada) was used to monitor TDG (%), temperature (°C), barometric pressure (mmHg), and Δ p (differential pressure). A YSI 6600 device (YSI Inc., USA) was used to regularly monitor oxygen (%), temperature (°C), pH, and salinity (‰). Data were automatically monitored once a minute during the experiments. During experiments, the probe of the Point Four was agitated gently by hand every 5 min to dislodge air bubbles which were attached by TDG sensor membranes until the display reading data were stable. The gas saturations were measured and verified every hour. Experimental design 2 Temperature control and supersaturated water generation 3 The system (Huang et al., 2010 2010 ) can generate water with desired gas saturation by manipulating the combination of water inflow, water outflow, water temperature, and air pressure of the pressure vessel. It is realistic to be able to keep the water temperature and gas saturation constant for 60 h during the experiments. The schematic of the experimental system is shown in Fig. 1 1 . 1: water inlet; 2: gas inlet; 3: pressure vacuum valve; 4: safety valve; 5: water outlet; 6: pressure gauge; 7: YSI 6600; 8: Point 4; 9: temperature control device. T1: treatment group 1; T2: treatment group 2; C: control group Water temperature was controlled by an electric device composed of a heater and a sensor controlling the water temperature in the water flume. The heater was turned on when the water temperature monitored by the sensor was lower than the designated one, and the heater was turned off when the water temperature was higher than the designated one. Temperature-controlled water was supplied to the water pump and passed through the pump into the pressure vessel, and air was injected into the vessel by a compressor at the same time. The TDG supersaturated water was generated by adding pressure to the water, allowing achievement of desired TDG saturation levels by regulating the water inflow, water outflow, and air pressure of the pressure vessel. Then the supersaturated water flowed into the treatment groups (T1, T2) and flowed back to the water flume by gravity. The supersaturated water was a circulation of water flow and the inflow water pressure was maintained by using the water pump. The methods of the control of the water temperature and the circulation of water flow were the same as the supersaturated water supply. Acute lethal experiments 3 Three identical Plexiglas containers were used for aquaria. The depth of the container was 1.2 m and the diameter 0.4 m. There are two holes with diameter of 0.02 m at the bottom for water inlet and outlet (Fig. 2 2 ). A plastic mesh net is attached to the hole as a shroud to keep the fish in the container. The experimental circumstance was similar to the acclimated one. The water depth was kept for 0.2 m by controlling the balance of inflow and outflow at 0.1 L/s. The surface is free-surface flow. T1: treatment group 1; T2: treatment group 2; C: control group Different levels of supersaturated water were conducted (105%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, and 145%) into the treatment groups and the equilibrated water (99%) was conducted into the corresponding control group. Twenty-four fish were randomly placed in each container, and exposed for 60 h to derive the death time of each fish with different TDG saturation levels. All experiments were conducted in duplicate under the same condition. Avoidance response test 3 A two-channel, open wooden box was constructed (Fig. 3 3 ), so that when the experimental fish distinguish the supersaturated water and the equilibrated water, they could choose to avoid entering into supersaturated water or not. Each channel is 0.225 m wide, 0.980 m long, and 0.120 m high. Two inlets were provided, one inlet with supersaturated water and the other with equilibrated water. Fourteen holes with a diameter of 0.01 m for outlet at the bottom of the box were added. Different levels of supersaturated water (105%, 115%, 125%, 135%, and 145%) flowed through one channel, while the equilibrated water (99%) flowed through the other one. The depth of both supersaturated water and equilibrated water was kept at 0.08 m by controlling the balance of inflow and outflow at 0.05 L/s. The arrows indicate the direction of water flow from each treatment channel Initially, 18 to 22 fish were randomly placed into the water with different gas supersaturation levels (105%, 115%, 125%, 135%, and 145%) through supersaturated water channel. Then every fish’s position was recorded after 5 min. The experimental circumstance was the same as the water for acclimation, and the supersaturated water could be produced by the system (Fig. 1 1 ). All experiments were conducted under natural light during the day, and the behavior of the fish was recorded by video. All experiments were conducted in three sessions under the same condition, and the experimental fish were not reused (as the fish may learn and have latent stress). The gas supersaturation was monitored at the beginning and at the end of each replication. Statistical analysis 2 Statistical analysis was conducted by SPSS software Version 13.0. Median lethal time (LT 50 ) was used to assess the lethal responses in the juvenile rock carp in different levels of supersaturated water, and avoidance percentage (AP) was used to determine the avoidance ability of the experimental fish: AP=( X − Y )/ N ×100%, where X is the number of fish in equilibrated water, Y is the number of fish in supersaturated water, and N is equal to X + Y (Qiu, 1992 1992 ). Results 1 Acute lethality 2 The LT 50 of the juvenile rock carp in different levels of gas supersaturation is shown in Fig. 4 4 . The juveniles died within a few hours after being put into the supersaturated water with levels of 130%, 135%, 140%, and 145%. However, the LT 50 dramatically reduces when the gas saturation level is 125%. The mortality is minimal when the fish are in the supersaturation water with levels of 105% and 115% for 60 h, so the LT 50 in these cases could be neglected. Avoidance responses 2 The juvenile rock carp exhibited strong avoidance responses in the supersaturated water. The avoidance percentages are listed in Table 1 1 . The data show that the avoidance percentage is larger than 90% when the gas supersaturation is above 135%, and the avoidance percentage decreases as the gas supersaturation reduces. In addition, the experiments show that the fish exhibit an obvious preference for supersaturated water when the gas supersaturation is below 115%. 2 TDG (%) 3 Fish number of every trial 2 Mean avoidance percentage (%) No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 145 18 18 20 100.0 135 21 20 18 91.0 125 18 20 21 63.0 115 22 19 18 15.0 105 18 22 19 8.5 The avoidance percentages in the water with different levels of gas supersaturation (105%, 115%, 125%, 135%, and 145%) were analyzed by F -test of analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results show that there is statically significant difference in avoidance percentages at different levels of supersaturation ( F =599.92 > F 0.01(3,10) =6.55, P < 0.01). Discussion 1 Fish species and sensitive life stage 2 Different susceptibilities to gas supersaturation depend on the fish species. Alec et al. ( 1995 1995 ) reported the LT 50 for juvenile salmonids is 60 h at 120% TDG saturation and 6 h at 130% saturation, when the water is 28 cm deep. Beeman et al. ( 2003 2003 ) found the LT 50 for juvenile northern pike minnow is 15.3 h at 125% saturation and 10 h at 130% saturation. Some fish, such as rainbow, chinook, black bullhead, and northern pike minnow may detect and avoid moderate to high levels of supersaturation, while others seem to lack this ability (Stevens et al., 1980 1980 ; Weitkamp and Katz, 1980 1980 ; Lund and Heggberget, 1985 1985 ; Beeman and Maule, 2006 2006 ). The present study indicates that juvenile rock carp may detect supersaturated water and move laterally away from it. It has been documented that the tolerance to supersaturation may arise as fish develop (Weitkamp and Katz, 1980 1980 ; Mesa and Warren, 1997 1997 ). Fidler and Miller ( 1997 1997 ) concluded that smaller juvenile salmonids are most sensitive to elevated TDG levels. The exclusive use of juvenile rock carp in the trials is valuable because the life cycle stage is believed to be most affected by gas supersaturation. After understanding the effects of gas supersaturation on the minimal resistant life stage, the worst case scenario in this kind of fish is understood. Temperature and water level variability 2 The gas solubility in water is inversely proportional to the temperature. Under one-atmosphere of pressure, 1 °C increase in temperature will result in 2% increase in the TDG saturation (Nebeker et al., 1978 1978 ; Schneider, 2003 2003 ; Arntzen et al., 2009 2009 ). Many researchers have found that fish in supersaturated water with water depth compensation (increasing the water depth) have a lower mortality than fish in the water with the same supersaturation level, but without water depth compensation (Ebel, 1969 1969 ; Meekin and Turner, 1974 1974 ; Blahm et al., 1976 1976 ; Weitkamp, 1976 1976 ; Heccbercet, 1984 1984 ). Water with a saturation level of 110% tends to lose excess air when it is at surface pressure. However, at the hydrostatic pressure of 1 m deep water, the air does not tend to come out of solution (Knittel et al., 1980 1980 ). The fish have a greater tolerance under the condition which allows them to reach deeper levels (due to hydrostatic pressure compensation). For example, at 120% of saturation relative to surface pressure, a fish at a depth of 2 m only experiences 100% of saturation. Thus, the experiments were carried out under constant water temperature of 25 °C and water level of 0.2 m in order to keep the TDG saturation stable and minimize depth compensation. Safety of gas supersaturation 2 The low mortality of the fish in the water with a supersaturation level of 115% for 60 h indicated that there is no acute lethality in juvenile rock carp when they are in water with the gas saturation below 115% under the temperature of 25 °C and with a water level of 0.2 m. Further, they exhibit a preference to supersaturated water when the gas supersaturation is below 115%. This experiment indicated that the juveniles can survive in water with a level of 115% saturation, possibly because the concentration causing avoidance behavior is often lower than the lethal concentration. If all the experimental fish show avoidance behaviors at a certain concentration, however, this concentration is equivalent to the lethal concentration (Lutz, 1995 1995 ). The results are in accordance with the report written by NOAA, which suggests that TDG supersaturation levels between 110% and 120% had minimal impact on aquatic biota in river environments (NOAA, 1995 1995 ). TDG control 2 Investigation of GBD showed that fish can recover from sublethal effects and signs of GBD, if they are removed from the supersaturated water or given sufficient hydrostatic compensation. Knittel et al. ( 1980 1980 ) had placed juvenile steelhead at a depth of 3 m for 3 h in order to let the fish fully recover from near-lethal surface exposures to 130% TDG. Hans et al. ( 1999 1999 ) reported bubbles in gill filaments of spring chinook salmon were almost completely dissipated within 2 h after the fish were transferred to normal water. The different LT 50 in the experiments shows the lethal extent of different levels of TDG supersaturations, and can determine the time over which the juveniles can recover from sublethal levels. The gas supersaturation criteria could be further set down by additional investigation on other species and field observations. Conclusions 1 The results show that 120% supersaturation is the threshold of acute lethal levels, and 115% saturation is safe for the juvenile rock carp. It can provide an initial evaluation for the effects of TDG saturation on domestic species in the Yangtze River. A gas supersaturation criterion could be set to protect the downstream aquatic environment of the Yangtze River. References GM Alec , G Matthew , KM Mesa . Gas Bubble Trauma Monitoring and Research of Juvenile Salmonids , 1995 . 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A review of dissolved gas supersaturation literature The authors are grateful to Mr. Wen-min YI (Sichuan University, China) for his advice and help in designing and making the experimental system. 10.1631/jzus.B1000006 Project (No. 50979063) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China 2010-01-03 2010-09-08 2010-07-28 2022-01-05 Copyright © Zhejiang University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 2010 Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B (Biomedicine and Biotechnology) 10 11