皮质类固醇对导管消融术后心房颤动影响的荟萃分析

Effect of corticosteroids on atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation: a meta-analysis # # 皮质类固醇对导管消融术后心房颤动影响的荟萃分析 first-author corresp ‡Corresponding Author ‡Corresponding Author †E-mail:jian_an_wang@yahoo.com †E-mail:jian_an_wang@yahoo.com jian_an_wang@yahoo.com Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China Objective: 2 The purpose of this meta-analysis was to explore the effect of corticosteroids on atrial fibrillation (AF) following catheter ablation. Methods: 2 We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for published articles describing the effect of corticosteroids in preventing AF recurrence after catheter ablation. Data on study and patient were extracted. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by use of a random-effect model, and P values of < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: 2 Two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and three cohort studies involving 846 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Within one month of catheter ablation, corticosteroid use was associated with a declined risk of recurrence of AF in RCT (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.85, P =0.005), but without significant effect in cohort studies (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.30, P =0.94). After three months of catheter ablation, corticosteroids did not have a significant effect in the prevention of late recurrence of AF in either RCT (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.59, P =0.49) or cohort studies (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.31, P =0.78). Conclusions: 2 Our meta-analysis suggested that periprocedural administration of corticosteroids of catheter ablation was associated with reduction of early but not late recurrence of AF. 目的 2 探讨皮质类固醇对导管消融术后心房颤动(AF)的影响. 创新点 2 首个探讨皮质类固醇对导管消融术后AF影响的荟萃分析. 方法 2 我们在PubMed、Embase和Cochrane对照试验中心注册库中搜索了描述皮质类固醇对预防导管消融后AF复发影响的文章,并提取了研究和患者的相关数据.使用随机效应模型计算风险比(RR)和95%置信区间(CI), P < 0.05被认为具有统计学差异. 结论 2 导管消融术围术期皮质类固醇的使用与AF早期复发减少相关,但与晚期复发无关. Atrial fibrillation Corticosteroids Catheter ablation Meta-analysis 心房颤动 皮质类固醇 导管消融术 荟萃分析 Introduction 1 Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia seen in clinical practice and is associated with many morbidities and mortalities, e.g. stroke and heart failure (Kannel et al., 1982 1982 ; Lip et al., 2012 2012 ; Roger et al., 2012 2012 ). Catheter ablation has been one of the therapeutic modalities for the treatment of AF, especially symptomatic AF (Haïssaguerre et al., 1998 1998 ). Studies of catheter ablation for AF have demonstrated that recovery from AF after a single procedure was 53.1% overall, 54.1% in paroxysmal AF, and 41.8% in persistent AF (Ganesan et al., 2013 2013 ). Several studies have indicated that inflammation may play a significant role in AF (Conway et al., 2004 2004 ; Harada et al., 2015 2015 ; Scridon et al., 2015 2015 ; Gurses et al., 2016 2016 ). Increased C-reactive protein (CRP) has proven to be a great risk factor for new-onset AF after acute myocardial infarction (Ren et al., 2015 2015 ) or coronary artery bypass graft (Li et al., 2016 2016 ). According to the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study, interleukin 6 (IL-6) was significantly associated in the presence of AF and new-onset AF (Amdur et al., 2016 2016 ). Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are also known to be involved in the pathogenesis of AF (Yang et al., 2007 2007 ; Wu et al., 2008 2008 ; Deng et al., 2011 2011 ; Hu et al., 2012 2012 ). Corticosteroids have also been shown to be efficient in anti-inflammation (Belvisi, 2004 2004 ; Barnes, 2006 2006 ; Coutinho and Chapman, 2011 2011 ). However, there has not yet been a systematic review or meta-analysis performed to evaluate the efficacy of corticosteroids in preventing recurrence of AF following catheter ablation. In this study, we aim to collect and summarize the available data on this topic. Methods 1 Search strategy 2 We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for articles describing the effect of corticosteroids in the prevention of AF recurrence following catheter ablation. The detailed search strategy is presented in the supplementary Data S1 S1 . To maximize the sensitivity of our search, we did not limit the language or study type for the initial extraction of the data. Study selection 2 Two blind reviewers decided whether to include each study on the basis of predefined selection criteria. Studies were included in our meta-analysis if they met the following criteria: (1) randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or cohort study, (2) patients diagnosed as AF and undergoing catheter ablation, (3) comparison of corticosteroids with control, and (4) evaluation of AF recurrence as an end point. Any disagreement remaining following discussion was resolved by a third reviewer. Data extraction 2 Two blind reviewers extracted the data in a predefined form. The following data were collected from each study: (1) publication data: the first author’s name and year of publication; (2) study design; (3) characteristics of study population: sample size, age, gender, types of AF, and techniques of catheter ablation; (4) follow-up period and number of drop-outs; (5) treatment modality: corticosteroid type and dose; (6) endpoint measurement: definition of blanking periods, definition and detection methods of AF recurrence. Any disagreement remaining following discussion was resolved by a third reviewer. Assessment of methodological quality 2 Two blind reviewers evaluated the methodological quality of each study using the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing the risk of bias for RCTs and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies (Table S1 S1 ). Any disagreement remaining following discussion was resolved by a third reviewer. Statistical analysis 2 We adopted pooled meta-analysis with the Mantel-Haenszel method and random-effects model. Data were expressed as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity between studies was quantified with the I 2 statistic, and an I 2 exceeding 50% was considered as a statistical heterogeneity. We used subgroup analysis based on study design (RCTs and cohort study). Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3 software (available from The Cochrane Collaboration). Results 1 Identification of studies 2 A search of the database yielded a total of 270 articles. Among these, 264 articles were excluded because they did not fulfill the study selection criteria by screening the title and abstract. We then screened the full-text of the remaining six potentially relevant articles. One article was further excluded due to its study design (case-control study). The remaining five articles were included in our meta-analysis (Fig. 1 1 ). Among these five articles, two were RCTs and the others were cohort studies. Study and patient characteristics 2 In total, 846 patients (450 patients in the corticosteroid group, and 396 in the control group) were included in our meta-analysis. The detailed study characteristics are summarized in Table 1 1 . The follow-up duration to detect AF recurrence after the catheter ablation ranged from 12 to 24 months. Three studies identified the blanking period as one month, and the other two studies as three months. The detailed patient characteristics are presented in Table 2 2 . Two studies only enrolled paroxysmal AF. The detailed quality assessments of the included studies are listed in Table S1 S1 . PVI: pulmonary vein isolation; IV: intravenously; AF: atrial fibrillation; E/LRAF: early/late recurrence of atrial fibrillation; RCT: randomized controlled trial; PO: per os; qd: quaque die/every day Author, year Study design Ablation technique Corticosteroids Country Date of enrollment AF recurrence definition Follow-up period (month) Kim DR et al., 2015 2015 Prospective cohort PVI with or without cavotricuspid isthmus ablation Hydrocortisone 100 mg IVor methylprednisolone 125 mg IV Korea 2007‒2012 ERAF: AF>30 s within 3 months; LRAF: AF>30 s 3‒12 months 12 Won et al., 2013 2013 Prospective cohort PVI +cavotricuspid isthmus ablation Hydrocortisone 100 mg IV Korea 2007‒2010 ERAF: AF>30 s within 1 month; LRAF: AF>30 s 1‒12 months 12 Andrade et al., 2013 2013 Prospective cohort PVI Hydrocortisone 250 mg IV Canada Unclear ERAF: AF>30 s within 3 months; LRAF: AF>30 s 3‒12 months 12 Koyama et al., 2010 2010 RCT PVI Hydrocortisone 2 mg/kg IV; Prednisolone 0.5 mg/kg PO qd×3 d Japan 2007‒2008 ERAF: AF>30 s within 1 month; LRAF: AF>30 s at 14 months 14 Kim YR et al., 2015 2015 RCT PVI with or without cavotricuspid isthmus ablation Methylprednisolone 0.5 mg/kg IV qd×2 d; Ethylprednisolone12 mg PO qd×4 d Korea 2010‒2012 ERAF: AF>30 s within 1 month; LRAF: AF>30 s 3‒24 months 24 Data are expressed as mean±standard deviation (SD) or number (percent), except for PAF. PAF: paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; LA: left atrium; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction Study n Age (year) PAF (%) Stroke Heart failure Class Ic Class III ACEI/ARB β-Blockers Statins LA diameter (mm) LVEF (%) Kim DR et al., 2015 2015 287 56±10 62 18 (6) 10 (4) 176 (61) 92 (32) 63 (22) 44 (15) 47 (16) 42±6 61±6 Won et al., 2013 2013 209 55±11 51 14 (7) 2 (3) 70 (58) 45 (38) 30 (25) 21 (18) 18 (15) 41±6 63±8 Andrade et al., 2013 2013 90 58±10 100 38±6 Koyama et al., 2010 2010 125 61±10 100 80 (64) 56 (45) 62 (50) 56 (45) 43 (34) 38±7 64±9 Kim YR et al., 2015 2015 138 56±10 75 10 (7) 11 (8) 98 (71) 23 (17) 42±6 60±7 Efficacy of corticosteroids for declining an early recurrence of AF (ERAF) 2 Pooled meta-analysis of the two RCTs shows that corticosteroid use is associated with a declined risk of AF recurrence within one month of catheter ablation (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.85, P =0.005; Fig. 2a 2a ). However, in cohort studies, corticosteroids do not show a significant effect in preventing AF recurrence within one month of catheter ablation (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.30, P =0.94; Fig. 2b 2b ). (a) RCT studies: Kim YR et al., 2015 2015 ; Koyama et al., 2010 2010 . (b) Cohort studies: Andrade et al., 2013 2013 ; Kim DR et al., 2015 2015 ; Won et al., 2013 2013 . RCT: randomized controlled trial; CI: confidence interval; CS: corticosteroid; M-H: Mantel-Haenszel method Efficacy of corticosteroids for late recurrence of AF (LRAF) 2 The pooled estimates of the two RCTs indicate that corticosteroids do not have a significant effect in the prevention of AF after three months of catheter ablation (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.59, P =0.49; Fig. 3a 3a ). The analysis of three cohort studies shows a similar result (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.31, P =0.78; Fig. 3b 3b ). (a) RCT studies: Kim YR et al., 2015 2015 ; Koyama et al., 2010 2010 . (b) Cohort studies: Andrade et al., 2013 2013 ; Kim DR et al., 2015 2015 ; Won et al., 2013 2013 . RCT: randomized controlled trial; CI: confidence interval; CS: corticosteroid; M-H: Mantel-Haenszel method Discussion 1 Our meta-analysis based on two RCTs and three cohort studies indicated that perioperative administration of corticosteroids does not show any significant benefit in the prevention of LRAF. Although corticosteroid administration has a significant effect in reducing the risk of AF recurrence within one month of catheter ablation, there is not enough strong evidence that it could decrease the risk of AF recurrence after three months. Inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of AF recurrence. A previous study demonstrated that IL-6, an inflammatory factor, is an independent predictive factor of ERAF (hazard ratio (HR) 1.3) (Smit et al., 2012 2012 ). Richter et al. ( 2012 2012 ) screened the AF patients after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) and indicated that increased CRP could predict ERAF within the first week of ablation. Letsas et al. ( 2009 2009 ) also suggested that white blood cell count and CRP are significantly associated with LRAF after PVI with a mean follow-up period of 12.5 months. Corticosteroids have been used for a long time in clinical practice as a means of preventing AF recurrence. In a double-blind RCT study for AF recurrence after cardioversion, Dernellis and Panaretou ( 2004 2004 ) showed that methylprednisolone, 16 mg for four weeks and tapered to 4 mg for four months, could significantly reduce the incidence of AF recurrence when compared to a placebo group with a median follow-up of 23.65 months. Corticosteroids could also reduce the AF after cardiac surgery. In a meta-analysis of 3323 patients from 50 RCTs, Ho and Tan ( 2009 2009 ) suggested that perioperative corticosteroid admission could significantly decrease the risk of AF after cardiac surgery (RR 0.74). However, recently, a large randomized trial dexamethasone for cardiac surgery (DECS) study failed to show the protective effect of intraoperative administration of dexamethasone against the incidence of AF following cardiac surgery (van Osch et al., 2015 2015 ), which indicates that more updated meta-analysis may be needed to confirm whether corticosteroids could have a significant effect on new-onset AF or AF recurrence following cardiac surgery. Koyama et al. ( 2010 2010 ) first demonstrated that during a 14-month follow-up, corticosteroid administration during and after the catheter ablation could significantly reduce LRAF without any antiarrhythmic drugs. In the multivariable COX regression analysis, CRP and corticosteroid treatment were significant independent predictors of LRAF (CRP: HR 1.239; corticosteroid: HR 0.458). The results of this study are inconsistent with the prospective, randomized, single-blind study by Kim YR et al. ( 2015 2015 ). During a mean 24.1-month follow-up period, methylprednisolone therapy could not decrease the incidence of LRAF significantly compared with the control group. Multi-regression analysis suggested that corticosteroid administration did not decrease the LRAF (Kim YR et al., 2015 2015 ). Differences in design, patient profile, definitions of LRAF, mean follow-up periods, and methods of arrhythmia monitoring could explain the contradictory results of these two RCT studies. The study by Kim YR et al. ( 2015 2015 ) was a single-blind trial, while the study by Koyama et al. ( 2010 2010 ) was a double-blind trial which could be more reliable for preventing bias. The study by Koyama et al. ( 2010 2010 ) was focused on the recurrence of paroxysmal AF, whereas the study by Kim YR et al. ( 2015 2015 ) included persistent AF, which usually has a high rate of recurrence of catheter ablation. The method to detect AF (24 h-Holter vs. 7 d-Holter) and follow-up periods (14 months vs. 24 months) may also affect the incidence of AF recurrence. Unsurprisingly, the incidence of AF recurrence was higher in the study performed by Kim YR et al. ( 2015 2015 ). The findings of our meta-analysis are not inconsistent with other anti-inflammatory drugs used in the prevention of AF recurrence after catheter ablation. Patel et al. ( 2009 2009 ) conducted a nested case controlled analysis of 1500 AF patients who underwent catheter ablation. The result of this study suggested that patients treated with polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation (PUFAS) showed a decreased incidence of ERAF and procedural failure with a mean follow-up period of 28 months. However, the meta-analysis showed that PUFAS was insufficient to reduce the incidence of AF following cardiac surgery, which indicates that the definite effect of PUFAS on AF after cardiac procedures may still be unclear. Another point that should be considered is that the administration of PUFAS took place during the entire follow-up period, while the corticosteroids were only used around the time of catheter ablation, which may affect the AF recurrence. A RCT study performed by Deftereos et al. ( 2012 2012 ), which included 170 AF patients who underwent catheter ablation, indicated that colchicine was an effective drug to prevent ERAF (blanking period three months) after PVI without antiarrhythmic drug therapy (odds ratio (OR) 0.38). It also showed that the effect of colchicine in preventing ERAF was associated with decreasing inflammatory mediators (e.g. CRP and IL-6). Our meta-analysis of RCT studies also showed that corticosteroids could efficiently reduce the risk of ERAF after catheter ablation. Koyama et al. ( 2010 2010 ) also suggested that corticosteroids could significantly lower the occurrence of ERAF. However, our meta-analysis of cohort studies failed to support this correlation. This may be due to potential confounding factors and various biases in these cohort studies. Further large randomized studies are needed to confirm the effect of corticosteroids on prevention of ERAF after catheter ablation. Deftereos et al. ( 2014 2014 ) also demonstrated that colchicine could reduce the LRAF in paroxysmal AF patient after a single PVI with a median follow-up period of 15 months (OR 0.46). However, the dosage of colchicine was 0.5 mg twice daily for three months after catheter ablation, while in our studies, the administration of low-or moderate-dose corticosteroids only lasted a few days. The difference in the course of treatment may have a long-term effect on AF recurrence. There are several limitations of our analysis that should be noted. The major limitation is the heterogeneity of the included studies. Although these studies were of high quality, they may be susceptible to various biases. Firstly, different types of AF were described, and various definitions of ERAF and LRAF were used. Secondly, Andrade et al. ( 2013 2013 ) did not mention the use of antiarrhythmic drugs, which may affect the results. Furthermore, various types and dosages of corticosteroids were used in these studies, which may also affect the findings. Finally, the incidence of AF recurrence after catheter ablation was dependent upon the type and frequency of monitoring techniques, which was also different in these studies. To overcome these heterogeneities, a large double-blind randomized study may be needed in the future. Conclusions 1 Inflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of AF development and recurrence. Corticosteroids have significant anti-inflammatory effects. However, our meta-analysis suggests that corticosteroid administration following catheter ablation is not significantly associated with a reduction in the LRAF. Corticosteroids may reduce the risk of ERAF, but there is not sufficient evidence of the effect on LRAF. Owing to potential confounding factors, further large and double-blind RCT studies are needed. References RL Amdur , M Mukherjee , A Go , 等 . Interleukin-6 is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in chronic kidney disease: findings from the CRIC study . PLoS ONE , 2016 . 11 ( 2 ): e0148189 26840403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148189 http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148189 . Interleukin-6 is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in chronic kidney disease: findings from the CRIC study JG Andrade , P Khairy , S Nattel , 等 . Corticosteroid use during pulmonary vein isolation is associated with a higher prevalence of dormant pulmonary vein conduction . Heart Rhythm , 2013 . 10 ( 10 ): 1569 - 1575 . DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.07.037 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.07.037 . Corticosteroid use during pulmonary vein isolation is associated with a higher prevalence of dormant pulmonary vein conduction PJ Barnes . How corticosteroids control inflammation: quintiles prize lecture 2005 . Br J Pharmacol , 2006 . 148 ( 3 ): 245 - 254 . DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706736 http://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0706736 . How corticosteroids control inflammation: quintiles prize lecture 2005 MG Belvisi . Regulation of inflammatory cell function by corticosteroids . Proc Am Thorac Soc , 2004 . 1 ( 3 ): 207 - 214 . DOI: 10.1513/pats.200402-002MS http://doi.org/10.1513/pats.200402-002MS . Regulation of inflammatory cell function by corticosteroids DS Conway , P Buggins , E Hughes , 等 . Predictive value of indexes of inflammation and hypercoagulability on success of cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation . Am J Cardiol , 2004 . 94 ( 4 ): 508 - 510 . DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.04.070 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.04.070 . Predictive value of indexes of inflammation and hypercoagulability on success of cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation AE Coutinho , KE Chapman . The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids, recent developments and mechanistic insights . Mol Cell Endocrinol , 2011 . 335 ( 1 ): 2 - 13 . DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.04.005 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2010.04.005 . The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids, recent developments and mechanistic insights S Deftereos , G Giannopoulos , C Kossyvakis , 等 . Colchicine for prevention of early atrial fibrillation recurrence after pulmonary vein isolation: a randomized controlled study . J Am Coll Cardiol , 2012 . 60 ( 18 ): 1790 - 1796 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.031 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.031 . Colchicine for prevention of early atrial fibrillation recurrence after pulmonary vein isolation: a randomized controlled study S Deftereos , G Giannopoulos , M Efremidis , 等 . Colchicine for prevention of atrial fibrillation recurrence after pulmonary vein isolation: mid-term efficacy and effect on quality of life . Heart Rhythm , 2014 . 11 ( 4 ): 620 - 628 . DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.02.002 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.02.002 . Colchicine for prevention of atrial fibrillation recurrence after pulmonary vein isolation: mid-term efficacy and effect on quality of life H Deng , YM Xue , XZ Zhan , 等 . Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation . Chin Med J (Engl) , 2011 . 124 ( 13 ): 1976 - 1982 . . Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation J Dernellis , M Panaretou . Relationship between C-reactive protein concentrations during glucocorticoid therapy and recurrent atrial fibrillation . Eur Heart J , 2004 . 25 ( 13 ): 1100 - 1107 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ehj.2004.04.025 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehj.2004.04.025 . Relationship between C-reactive protein concentrations during glucocorticoid therapy and recurrent atrial fibrillation AN Ganesan , NJ Shipp , AG Brooks , 等 . Long-term outcomes of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis . J Am Heart Assoc, 2:e004549 , 2013 . DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.112.004549 http://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.112.004549 . Long-term outcomes of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis KM Gurses , D Kocyigit , MU Yalcin , 等 . Monocyte toll-like receptor expression in patients with atrial fibrillation . Am J Cardiol , 2016 . 117 ( 9 ): 1463 - 1467 . DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.02.014 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.02.014 . Monocyte toll-like receptor expression in patients with atrial fibrillation M Haïssaguerre , P Jaïs , DC Shah , 等 . Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins . N Engl J Med , 1998 . 339 ( 10 ): 659 - 666 . DOI: 10.1056/nejm199809033391003 http://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199809033391003 . Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins M Harada , DR van Wagoner , S Nattel . Role of inflammation in atrial fibrillation pathophysiology and management . Circ J , 2015 . 79 ( 3 ): 495 - 502 . DOI: 10.1253/circj.CJ-15-0138 http://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-15-0138 . Role of inflammation in atrial fibrillation pathophysiology and management KM Ho , JA Tan . Benefits and risks of corticosteroid prophylaxis in adult cardiac surgery: a dose-response meta-analysis . Circulation , 2009 . 119 ( 14 ): 1853 - 1866 . DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.848218 http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.848218 . Benefits and risks of corticosteroid prophylaxis in adult cardiac surgery: a dose-response meta-analysis YF Hu , HI Yeh , HM Tsao , 等 . Electrophysiological correlation and prognostic impact of heat shock protein 27 in atrial fibrillation . Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol , 2012 . 5 ( 2 ): 334 - 340 . DOI: 10.1161/CIRCEP.111.965996 http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.111.965996 . Electrophysiological correlation and prognostic impact of heat shock protein 27 in atrial fibrillation WB Kannel , RD Abbott , DD Savage , 等 . Epidemiologic features of chronic atrial fibrillation: the Framingham study . N Engl J Med , 1982 . 306 ( 17 ): 1018 - 1022 . DOI: 10.1056/nejm198204293061703 http://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198204293061703 . Epidemiologic features of chronic atrial fibrillation: the Framingham study DR Kim , H Won , JS Uhm , 等 . Comparison of two different doses of single bolus steroid injection to prevent atrial fibrillation recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation . Yonsei Med J , 2015 . 56 ( 2 ): 324 - 331 . DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2015.56.2.324 http://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2015.56.2.324 . Comparison of two different doses of single bolus steroid injection to prevent atrial fibrillation recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation YR Kim , GB Nam , S Han , 等 . Effect of short-term steroid therapy on early recurrence during the blanking period after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation . Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol , 2015 . 8 ( 6 ): 1366 - 1372 . DOI: 10.1161/circep.115.002957 http://doi.org/10.1161/circep.115.002957 . Effect of short-term steroid therapy on early recurrence during the blanking period after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation T Koyama , H Tada , Y Sekiguchi , 等 . Prevention of atrial fibrillation recurrence with corticosteroids after radiofrequency catheter ablation: a randomized controlled trial . J Am Coll Cardiol , 2010 . 56 ( 18 ): 1463 - 1472 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.04.057 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.04.057 . Prevention of atrial fibrillation recurrence with corticosteroids after radiofrequency catheter ablation: a randomized controlled trial KP Letsas , R Weber , G Bürkle , 等 . Pre-ablative predictors of atrial fibrillation recurrence following pulmonary vein isolation: the potential role of inflammation . Europace , 2009 . 11 ( 2 ): 158 - 163 . DOI: 10.1093/europace/eun309 http://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eun309 . Pre-ablative predictors of atrial fibrillation recurrence following pulmonary vein isolation: the potential role of inflammation T Li , ZL Sun , QY Xie . Meta-analysis identifies serum C-reactive protein as an indicator of atrial fibrillation risk after coronary artery bypass graft . Am J Ther , 2016 . 23 ( 6 ): e1586 - e1596 . DOI: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000000255 http://doi.org/10.1097/MJT.0000000000000255 . Meta-analysis identifies serum C-reactive protein as an indicator of atrial fibrillation risk after coronary artery bypass graft GY Lip , HF Tse , DA Lane . Atrial fibrillation . Lancet , 2012 . 379 ( 9816 ): 648 - 661 . DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61514-6 http://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61514-6 . Atrial fibrillation D Patel , M Shaheen , P Venkatraman , 等 . Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation reduced atrial fibrillation recurrence after pulmonary vein antrum isolation . Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J , 2009 . 9 ( 6 ): 292 - 298 . . Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation reduced atrial fibrillation recurrence after pulmonary vein antrum isolation Y Ren , RX Zeng , JJ Li , 等 . Relation of C-reactive protein and new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Int J Cardiol , 2015 . 190 268 - 270 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.04.152 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.04.152 . Relation of C-reactive protein and new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis B Richter , M Gwechenberger , A Socas , 等 . Markers of oxidative stress after ablation of atrial fibrillation are associated with inflammation, delivered radiofrequency energy and early recurrence of atrial fibrillation . Clin Res Cardiol , 2012 . 101 ( 3 ): 217 - 225 . DOI: 10.1007/s00392-011-0383-3 http://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-011-0383-3 . Markers of oxidative stress after ablation of atrial fibrillation are associated with inflammation, delivered radiofrequency energy and early recurrence of atrial fibrillation VL Roger , AS Go , DM Lloyd-Jones , 等 . Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics–2012 update: a report from the American heart association . Circulation , 2012 . 125 ( 1 ): 188 - 197 . DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182456d46 http://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182456d46 . Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics–2012 update: a report from the American heart association A Scridon , D Dobreanu , P Chevalier , 等 . Inflammation, a link between obesity and atrial fibrillation . Inflamm Res , 2015 . 64 ( 6 ): 383 - 393 . DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0827-8 http://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-015-0827-8 . Inflammation, a link between obesity and atrial fibrillation MD Smit , AH Maass , AM de Jong , 等 . Role of inflammation in early atrial fibrillation recurrence . Europace , 2012 . 14 ( 6 ): 810 - 817 . DOI: 10.1093/europace/eur402 http://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eur402 . Role of inflammation in early atrial fibrillation recurrence D van Osch , JM Dieleman , D van Dijk , 等 . Dexamethasone for the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation . Int J Cardiol , 2015 . 182 431 - 437 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.12.094 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.12.094 . Dexamethasone for the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation H Won , JY Kim , J Shim , 等 . Effect of a single bolus injection of low-dose hydrocortisone for prevention of atrial fibrillation recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation . Circ J , 2013 . 77 ( 1 ): 53 - 59 . DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-12-0728 http://doi.org/10.1253/circj.cj-12-0728 . Effect of a single bolus injection of low-dose hydrocortisone for prevention of atrial fibrillation recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation ZK Wu , J Laurikka , S Vikman , 等 . High postoperative interleukin-8 levels related to atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery . World J Surg , 2008 . 32 ( 12 ): 2643 - 2649 . DOI: 10.1007/s00268-008-9758-7 http://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-008-9758-7 . High postoperative interleukin-8 levels related to atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery M Yang , H Tan , L Cheng , 等 . Expression of heat shock proteins in myocardium of patients with atrial fibrillation . Cell Stress Chaperones , 2007 . 12 ( 2 ): 142 - 150 . . Expression of heat shock proteins in myocardium of patients with atrial fibrillation Compliance with ethics guidelines Sanjay JAISWAL, Xian-bao LIU, Qu-cheng WEI, Ying-hao SUN, Li-han WANG, Liu-guang SONG, Dan-dan YANG, and Jian-an WANG declare that they have no conflict of interest. This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors. 10.1631/jzus.B1600529 , 2016-11-27 2017-05-01 2022-01-05 Copyright © Zhejiang University and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018 2018 Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B (Biomedicine and Biotechnology) 01 19