苜蓿皂苷提取物对BRL细胞Ldlr、LXRα和FXRmRNA表达的影响

Effects of alfalfa saponin extract on mRNA expression of Ldlr , LXRα , and FXR in BRL cells 苜蓿皂苷提取物对BRL细胞 Ldlr 、 LXRα 和 FXR mRNA表达的影响 first-author corresp ‡Corresponding Author ‡Corresponding Author †E-mail:annysyh@126.com †E-mail:annysyh@126.com annysyh@126.com College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China We studied the effects of alfalfa saponin extract (ASE) on low density lipoprotein receptor ( Ldlr ), liver X receptor α ( LXRα ), and farnesoid X receptor ( FXR ) in normal and hyperlipidemic Buffalo rat liver (BRL) cells. Normal and hyperlipidemic BRL cells were divided into eight groups: normal, or normal cells treated with 50, 100, and 150 mg/L ASE, hyperlipidemic, or hyperlipidemic cells treated with 50, 100, and 150 mg/L ASE. After treatment for 24 h, Ldlr , LXRα , and FXR mRNA expression levels were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Data showed that mRNA expression of Ldlr in normal BRL cells was significantly up-regulated by ASE treatment and mRNA expressions of LXRα and FXR were significantly down-regulated both in normal and hyperlipidemic BRL cells after ASE treatment. Thus, ASE might ameliorate hepatic steatosis by regulating genes involved in cholesterol metabolism, including up-regulation of Ldlr as well as down-regulation of LXRα and FXR . 目的 2 分析苜蓿皂苷提取物对正常和脂变Buffalo大鼠肝细胞（BRL细胞）中 Ldlr 、 LXRα 和 FXR mRNA表达的影响，进而初步探讨苜蓿皂苷调节脂质代谢及降低机体胆固醇含量的机制。 创新点 2 苜蓿皂苷具有调节脂质代谢，降低机体胆固醇含量的作用，但是目前对其机理研究并不多，特别是在细胞水平上。本试验以BRL细胞为对象，研究苜蓿皂苷对胆固醇代谢相关基因表达的影响，从而探究苜蓿皂苷在细胞水平上对胆固醇代谢的调节作用。 方法 2 通过50%胎牛血清诱导BRL细胞48h建立细胞脂肪变性模型，运用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（qRT-PCR）检测正常和脂变BRL细胞 Ldlr 、 LXRα 和 FXR mRNA的表达，从而得出各处理组BRL细胞内 Ldlr 、 LXRα 和 FXR mRNA表达的变化。 结论 2 （1）添加苜蓿皂苷后，正常BRL细胞中 Ldlr mRNA的表达量显著上调，脂变BRL细胞 Ldlr mRNA的表达有增加的趋势；（2）苜蓿皂苷可以显著下调正常和脂变BRL细胞中 LXRα 和 FXR mRNA的表达。因此，在细胞水平上，苜蓿皂苷可能通过促进 Ldlr 的表达，抑制 LXRα 和 FXR 的表达，从而调节BRL细胞胆固醇的代谢。 Alfalfa saponin extract Hyperlipidemic BRL cells Cholesterol metabolism mRNA expression 苜蓿皂苷提取物 脂变BRL细胞 胆固醇代谢 mRNA表达 Introduction 1 Recently, as global industrialization has increased, high cholesterol levels, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and other cardiovascular diseases have been increasingly prevalent threats to human health (Lopez et al., 2006 2006 ). High total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are thought to be independent heritable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (Kathiresan et al., 2007 2007 ). Because several plants are reported to reduce cholesterol, new plant agents with lipid-reducing activity have been under study. Specifically, alfalfa saponin extract (ASE) from alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) contains saponins comprising a sugar moiety glycosidically linked to a hydrophobic aglycone (sapogenin), mainly pentacyclic triterpenoid (Sen et al., 1998 1998 ). Because ASE has diverse biological functions for regulating lipid and cholesterol metabolism, and immune activity, it is under investigation for lipid-lowering capabilities. Alfalfa saponin (AS) and alfalfa seeds have been documented to reduce hypercholesterolemia, aortic sudanophilia, and lower cholesterol in the aortic intima-plus-media and liver (Malinow et al., 1980 1980 ). ASE also prevents increased plasma cholesterol associated with a semipurified high-butter, high-cholesterol diet in monkeys (Mallnow et al., 1977 1977 ). The literature suggests that AS can significantly reduce serum TC, TG, and LDL-C in animals (Al-Bar et al., 1993 1993 ; Francis et al., 2001 2001 ; Santoso et al., 2004 2004 ) and similar outcomes in weaning piglets were reported by Wang ( 2007 2007 ). Shi et al. ( 2014 2014 ) concluded that the cholesterol-lowering effects of ASE were mediated by regulating gene expression involved in cholesterol metabolism. However, how ASE works at the cellular level is unclear. Low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), liver X receptor α (LXRα), and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) play a vital role in cholesterol metabolism. In addition, our earlier studies in hyperlipidemic rats indicated that these three genes ( Ldlr , LXRα , and FXR ) were of great significance in ameliorating hyperlipidemia after ASE treatment. Thus, we sought to investigate the effects of ASE on cholesterol metabolism at a cellular level by measuring mRNA expression of Ldlr , LXRα , and FXR in normal and hyperlipidemic Buffalo rat liver (BRL) cells using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Materials and methods 1 Materials 2 ASE was provided by Hebei Bao’en Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shijiazhuang, China). This was obtained by ethanol extraction and macroporous resin column separation and purification, and the purity was 62%. ASE was prepared as follows: powdered dried leaves and stems of alfalfa were defatted by Soxhlet extraction with petroleum ether (2×24 h) and the defatted powder was extracted with 75% ethanol (10 ml/g) for 3 h with constant stirring. After suction filtration, the extraction was repeated, and the extracts were combined and evaporated under vacuum. The dried extracts were dissolved in distilled water at a concentration of 100 g/L and then fractionated on a macroporous adsorption resin AB-8 column (Hebei Bao’en Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, China) with 50% ethanol. Ethanol-extracted saponins were obtained from 50% ethanol fractions and evaporated under vacuum. BRL cells were obtained from the Shanghai Institute of Cell Resource Center of Life Science (Shanghai, China). Cell culture 2 BRL cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO 2 for maintenance. The medium was changed every two days and culture bottles were regularly observed microscopically. BRL cells were subcultured or frozen when grown to around 80% of the bottle bottom. Growth inhibition assay 2 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetra-zolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to measure the cell viability after being treated with different levels of ASE. Briefly, BRL cells (2×10 3 cells/well) were seeded onto a 96-well plate (Corning, NY) and cultured for 24 h at 37 °C and then treated with various concentrations of ASE (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 210 mg/L) for 24 h, six wells for each group. Afterward, MTT solution (5 mg/ml in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)) was added (10 μl/well) and cells were incubated for another 4 h. The purple formazan crystals were dissolved in 150 μl dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Then, the optical density (OD) value was detected at a wavelength of 570 nm with no cells blank hole as zero. Hyperlipidemic cell model and grouping 2 About 1.5×10 5 subcultured BRL cells/well were seeded onto a 6-well plate, with 2 ml DMEM containing 10% FBS in every well. After cultivation for 48 h, the medium was changed and cells were randomly divided into four groups, with six replicates in each group as follows: normal control groups of 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ml ASE solution (200 mg/L) with 2.0, 1.5, 1.0, and 0.5 ml DMEM containing 10% FBS. After treatment with different concentrations of ASE for 24 h, cells were collected for assay. Then, about 1.5×10 5 subcultured BRL cells/well were seeded onto 6-well plates, and grown to about 80% of the bottle bottom. Then the medium was changed into 2 ml DMEM containing 50% FBS. After cultivation for 48 h, lipid droplets or bubble deposits within the cells formed and the extent of adipose conversion was quantified by staining accumulated lipid with Oil red O and measuring extracted dye at 510 nm (Ramírez-Zacarías et al., 1992 1992 ). When the hyperlipidemic BRL cell model was established, BRL cells were then placed in DMEM containing 0.1% FBS for 24 h. Next, they were randomly divided into four groups, with six replicates in each group and the normal BRL cells as the control group, and the groups were as follows: normal control group: 0 ml ASE solution (200 mg/L) with 2 ml DMEM containing 10% FBS; hyperlipidemic cells: 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ml ASE solution (200 mg/L) with 2.0, 1.5, 1.0, and 0.5 ml DMEM containing 10% FBS. After treatment with different ASE concentrations for 24 h, cells were collected for assay. Sample preparation and analysis 2 Collected BRL cells were homogenized in TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, USA) and total RNA was isolated according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. RNA was quantified by measuring the OD of samples at 260 and 280 nm. Then samples were placed on a 1% (0.01 g/ml) agarose gel and visualized with ethidium bromide. Primers for Ldlr , LXRα , FXR (target gene) and glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH , endogenous and stable reference gene) were designed by Primer Premier 5.0 (Canada). Primers of Ldlr gene (forward 5'-CGGCTACCGTGAATACAGG-3', reverse 5'-GGACAAGTCGGACGAGGAG-3'), LXRα gene (forward 5'-CTCGGATGACTCCAACCC-3', reverse 5'-CGCAGTGCCTGATGTTTC-3'), FXR gene (forward 5'-TCAGCCAACATTCCCATC-3', reverse 5'-CCTGTGACAAAGAAGCCG-3'), and GAPDH gene (forward 5'-TCCACCCTGTTGCTGTA-3', reverse 5'-AAGAAGGTGGTGAAGCAGGC-3') for rats were synthesized by Shanghai Sangon Biological Engineering Technology & Service Co. Ltd., China. Quantitative real-time PCR 2 Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized with Reverse Transcriptase M-MLV (RNase H-) (TaKaRa, Dalian, China; Code No. D2639A) using the oligo dT. Real-time PCR technology was employed to determine the mRNA levels of Ldlr , LXRα , and FXR on the LightCycler instrument (Roche Diagnostics, Germany) using the SYBR Green method. Each PCR mixture (final volume of 20 μl) was composed of 10 μl of SYBR qPCR Mix (TaKaRa, Dalian, China), 0.4 μl of each gene-specific primer as mentioned above, and 1 μl cDNA in each reaction. Thermal cycling parameters were as follows: 95 °C for 120 s, followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 15 s, 60 °C for 20 s, and 72 °C for 30 s. Relative expression of target genes was calculated using the 2 −∆∆ C T method (Livak and Schmittgen, 2001 2001 ). Statistical analysis 2 All results were expressed as mean±standard deviation (SD). Data were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; SPSS for Windows, Version 19.0, IBM, USA), and the differences between the means were assessed using Duncan’s test. Differences were considered significant at the level of P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 was established for very significant differences. Results 1 Effects of ASE on cell viability 2 Fig. 1 1 showed that there were no significant effects on cell proliferation with ASE at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, or 150 mg/L ( P > 0.05). BRL cell proliferation changed significantly with ASE of 180 and 210 mg/L ( P < 0.01). Values are expressed as mean±SD ( n =6). Values with different capital letters differ very significantly ( P < 0.01) Effects of ASE on mRNA expression of Ldlr , LXRα , and FXR in normal BRL cells 2 As shown in Fig. 2 2 , mRNA expression of Ldlr in ASE groups was elevated compared with controls ( P < 0.01). mRNA expression of Ldlr in the ASE 150 mg/L group was greater than those treated with ASE 50 and 100 mg/L ( P < 0.01), which were not different from one another ( P > 0.05). Compared with the normal control group, mRNA expression of LXRα and FXR in ASE 100 and 150 mg/L groups decreased very significantly ( P < 0.01), and expression in the ASE 50 mg/L group reduced significantly ( P < 0.05). ASE 50, 100, and 150 mg/L groups were not different from one another ( P > 0.05). Values are expressed as mean±SD ( n =6). Values with different small letters differ significantly ( P < 0.05), while those with different capital letters differ very significantly ( P < 0.01) Effects of ASE on mRNA expression of Ldlr , LXRα , and FXR in hyperlipidemic cells 2 As summarized in Fig. 3 3 , mRNA expression of Ldlr in the hyperlipidemic cell and ASE groups decreased markedly compared with normal controls ( P < 0.01). There was a linear and slight rise of mRNA expression of Ldlr in hyperlipidemic cells as ASE increased ( P > 0.05). Compared with the normal control group, mRNA expression of LXRα in the hyperlipidemic cell group was significantly up-regulated ( P < 0.05), while that in the hyperlipidemic ASE 150 mg/L group was significantly down-regulated ( P < 0.05). Compared with the hyperlipidemic cell group, mRNA expression of LXRα in hyperlipidemic cells decreased linearly with increased ASE ( P < 0.01). mRNA expression of FXR in the hyperlipidemic cell group increased significantly compared with the normal control group ( P < 0.01). However, mRNA expression of FXR in hyperlipidemic ASE groups decreased remarkably compared with the hyperlipidemic cell group ( P < 0.01). There was no difference among hyperlipidemic ASE groups and the normal control group ( P > 0.05). Values are expressed as mean±SD ( n =6). Values with different small letters differ significantly ( P < 0.05), while those with different capital letters differ very significantly ( P < 0.01) Discussion 1 Effects of ASE on cell viability 2 MTT assays are used to measure cytotoxicity, cell viability, and proliferation studies in cell biology (Stockert et al., 2012 2012 ), so MTT assay was used to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of ASE on BRL cells. BRL cells were tolerant to ASE at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 mg/L and were susceptible to ASE at 180 and 210 mg/L, so ASE at 50, 100, and 150 mg/L was selected for subsequent experiments. Effects of ASE on mRNA expression of Ldlr in BRL cells 2 Elevated circulating LDL-C is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (Bittner, 2003 2003 ). Excess LDL-C is deposited into blood vessel walls to initiate and promote atherosclerosis and becomes a major component of the cause of atherosclerotic plaques (Pischon et al., 2005 2005 ). Clearance of plasma LDL-C is primarily mediated by hepatic LDLR (Brown and Goldstein, 1983 1983 ). LDLR is a cell surface glycoprotein that plays a vital role in hepatic uptake and clearance of plasma cholesterol (Brown and Goldstein, 1986 1986 ). With abnormal LDLR structure or function, plasma cholesterol increases and can form plaques causing premature coronary heart disease. Thus, modulating plasma LDL-C via up-regulation of LDLR expression using drugs or plant extracts may provide therapeutic benefit. Previous studies suggested that many plants contain compounds that can modulate plasma LDL-C via up-regulation of Ldlr expression. At low micromolar concentrations, the plant flavonoid quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside (Q3G) increased Ldlr expression and stimulated LDL uptake in human Huh7 hepatocytes (Mbikay et al., 2014 2014 ). N -butanol extract (NE3) of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen root significantly decreased concentrations of serum TC, TG, and LDL-C and increased Ldlr mRNA in rats (Ji and Gong, 2007 2007 ). Vanillin rich fraction (VRF) extracted from vanilla pods increased Ldlr mRNA in a dose-dependent manner in HepG2 cells (Al-Naqeb et al., 2010 2010 ). Berberine (BBR), a compound isolated from a Chinese herb, was observed to increase Ldlr expression and reduce serum cholesterol and LDL-C in hyperlipidemic hamsters (Kong et al., 2004 2004 ), with similar effects observed in HepG2 cells (Abidi et al., 2006 2006 ; Li et al., 2009 2009 ). In the current study, ASE significantly up-regulated mRNA expression of Ldlr in normal BRL cells. With increasing concentrations of ASE, mRNA expression of Ldlr increased linearly, indicating that the Ldlr had a dosage-dependent relationship with ASE. Compared with the normal control group, mRNA expression of Ldlr in the hyperlipidemic cell group was markedly down-regulated, which may be related to the formation of hepatocyte steatosis. Treated with ASE, the mRNA expression of Ldlr in hyperlipidemic BRL cells showed a linear and slight rise trend with increased ASE. A deficiency of LDLR causes LDL to accumulate as a result both of overproduction and of delayed removal (Rudling, 1992 1992 ). Ldlr −/− mice presented a significant increase in cholesterol (Evangelho et al., 2011 2011 ). Increased LDLR expression or activity can reduce serum LDL cholesterol by enhancing the uptake and clearance (Reena et al., 2011 2011 ). In our study, Ldlr mRNA increased both in normal and hyperlipidemic BRL cells, indicating that ASE could ameliorate hepatocyte steatosis by up-regulating Ldlr . These data agree with our previous study showing that the cholesterol-lowering effects of ASE may be attributed to its regulation on some key genes involved in cholesterol metabolism in hyperlipidemic rats, such as up-regulation of Ldlr in the liver of hyperlipidemic rats (Shi et al., 2014 2014 ). Effects of ASE on mRNA expression of LXRα in BRL cells 2 Cholesterosis is a disease of cholesterol metabolism characterized by the presence of excessive lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. These lipid droplets are mainly composed of cholesterol esters derived from free cholesterol (Wang et al., 2014 2014 ). Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear oxysterol receptors and metabolic sensors, which are initially found to regulate cholesterol metabolism, chronic inflammatory disorders, gluconeogenic pathway and lipid biosynthesis (Geyeregger et al., 2006 2006 ). LXRα ( NR1H3 ) and LXRβ ( NR1H2 ) are encoded in separate chromosomes sharing more than 75% sequence similarities in their DNA binding domain (DBD) and ligand binding domain (LBD) both in humans and rodents (A-González and Castrillo, 2011 2011 ). LXRα expression predominates in metabolic tissues such as the liver, intestine, adipose tissue, kidney, and macrophages, whereas LXRβ is more ubiquitously expressed (Mukherjee and Mani, 2010 2010 ). The first known direct target gene for LXRs in mice was Cyp7a1 . LXRs control the expression of Cyp7a1 , which promotes cholesterol elimination through the bile. In intestinal epithelial cells, LXRs might increase ABCG5 , ABCG8 , and ABCA1 expression, thus reducing the intestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol. Similarly, LXRs have also been implicated in fatty acid biosynthesis by inducing the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c gene ( SREBP-1c ) (Repa et al., 2000 2000 ). It has been proven that high-glucose and high-fat diet results in higher serum TG, TC and liver TG content as well as increased LXRα mRNA expression, with liver cirrhosis significantly exacerbated in the rat. The Zhengqing Recipe might alleviate liver cirrhosis through the down-regulated expression of LXRα in non-alcoholic fatty liver (Luo et al., 2009 2009 ). Also, deposition of lipid in hepatocytes might be related to high mRNA expression of LXRα . Panax notoginseng saponins decreased the content of TC in hyperlipidemic hepatocytes and promoted the recovery of hepatocyte steatosis by down-regulating LXRα mRNA (Cheng et al., 2010 2010 ). In the present study, when compared with the normal control group, mRNA expression of LXRα in normal ASE groups decreased significantly, and ASE could dose-dependently reduce mRNA expression of LXRα in normal BRL cells. mRNA expression of LXRα in normal BRL cells was low, but it was significantly up-regulated in hyperlipidemic cells. Up-regulated LXRα could regulate target genes involved in TG, unsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids biosynthesis, causing lipid accumulation and hepatocyte steatosis in hyperlipidemic cells. Treatment of mice with synthetic LXR agonists enhanced hepatic TG and increased hepatic lipogenesis has been chiefly attributed to direct induction of SREBP-1c expression by LXRs (Repa et al., 2000 2000 ). However, after treatment with ASE, LXRα mRNA expression decreased in the hyperlipidemic ASE groups. Thus, ASE reduced mRNA expression of LXRα both in normal and hyperlipidemic BRL cells, suggesting that ASE could inhibit hepatocyte steatosis by down-regulating LXRα . Effects of ASE on mRNA expression of FXR in BRL cells 2 FXR belongs to the superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors and has the typical nuclear receptor (NR) structure. FXR was identified as a bile acid receptor and biological sensor for the regulation of bile acid biosynthesis and was shown to regulate cholesterol metabolism (Goodwin et al., 2000 2000 ). Thus FXR constitutes a potential therapeutic target that can be modulated to enhance the removal of cholesterol from the body (Tu et al., 2000 2000 ; Pineda Torra et al., 2003 2003 ). When bound to bile acids, FXR repressed transcription of the gene encoding CYP7A1, which was the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis, and activated the gene encoding intestinal bile acid-binding protein, which was a candidate bile acid transporter (Makishima et al., 1999 1999 ). FXR has been shown to be a critical regulator of normal cholesterol metabolism and genetic changes affecting FXR function have the potential to be pro-atherogenic (Lambert et al., 2003 2003 ). In our study, mRNA expression of FXR was down-regulated by ASE administration both in normal and hyperlipidemic BRL cells, which indicated that ASE might modulate cholesterol metabolism by down-regulation of FXR . It was possible that ASE was a kind of agent that decreased the expression of FXR , thus increasing the mRNA expression of Cyp7a1 and as a result, enhancing the catabolic pathway of cholesterol. Our previous studies have shown that ASE could up-regulate the mRNA expression of Cyp7a1 in rats and hens (Shi et al., 2014 2014 ; Zhou et al., 2014 2014 ). The findings also suggested that FXR could be a potential therapeutic target in anti-cholesterolemic effects induced by ASE. Further research is needed to explain the specific mechanism. Conclusions 1 Our present study indicated that ASE could up-regulate mRNA expression of Ldlr and down-regulate mRNA expression of LXRα and FXR , thus ameliorating hepatic steatosis. These data indicated that ASE has great potential usefulness as a natural agent for preventing and treating hyperlipidemia. References P Abidi , W Chen , FB Kraemer , 等 . The medicinal plant goldenseal is a natural LDL-lowering agent with multiple bioactive components and new action mechanisms . J Lipid Res , 2006 . 47 ( 10 ): 2134 - 2147 . 16885565 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.M600195-JLR200 http://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M600195-JLR200 . The medicinal plant goldenseal is a natural LDL-lowering agent with multiple bioactive components and new action mechanisms N A-González , A Castrillo . Liver X receptors as regulators of macrophage inflammatory and metabolic pathways . BBA-Mol Basis Dis , 2011 . 1812 ( 8 ): 982 - 994 . DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.12.015 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.12.015 . Liver X receptors as regulators of macrophage inflammatory and metabolic pathways A Al-Bar , A Ismail , PR Cheeke , 等 . Effect of dietary Yucca schidigera extract (deodorase) on environmental ammonia and growth performance of chickens and rabbits . Proc West Sec Am Soc Anim Sci , 1993 . 44 106 - 108 . . Effect of dietary Yucca schidigera extract (deodorase) on environmental ammonia and growth performance of chickens and rabbits G Al-Naqeb , M Ismail , G Bagalkotkar , 等 . Vanillin rich fraction regulates LDLR and HMGCR gene expression in HepG2 cells . Food Res Int , 2010 . 43 ( 10 ): 2437 - 2443 . DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.09.015 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.09.015 . Vanillin rich fraction regulates LDLR and HMGCR gene expression in HepG2 cells V Bittner . Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease . Curr Opin Lipidol , 2003 . 14 ( 4 ): 367 - 371 . 12865734 DOI: 10.1097/00041433-200308000-00005 http://doi.org/10.1097/00041433-200308000-00005 . Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease MS Brown , JL Goldstein . Lipoprotein receptors in the liver. Control signals for plasma cholesterol traffic . J Clin Invest , 1983 . 72 ( 3 ): 743 - 747 . 6309907 DOI: 10.1172/JCI111044 http://doi.org/10.1172/JCI111044 . Lipoprotein receptors in the liver. Control signals for plasma cholesterol traffic MS Brown , JL Goldstein . A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis . Science , 1986 . 232 ( 4746 ): 34 - 47 . 3513311 DOI: 10.1126/science.3513311 http://doi.org/10.1126/science.3513311 . A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis SB Cheng , QH Yang , YP Zhang , 等 . Effects of panax notoginseng saponins on content of triglyceride and the mRNA expression of LXRα in steatotic hepatocyte LO2 . Chin J Pathophysiol , 2010 . 26 ( 6 ): 1151 - 1155 . (in Chinese) . Effects of panax notoginseng saponins on content of triglyceride and the mRNA expression of LXRα in steatotic hepatocyte LO2 JS Evangelho , KR Casali , C Campos , 等 . Hypercholesterolemia magnitude increases sympathetic modulation and coagulation in LDLr knockout mice . Auton Neurosci , 2011 . 159 ( 1-2 ): 98 - 103 . 20719578 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2010.07.010 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2010.07.010 . Hypercholesterolemia magnitude increases sympathetic modulation and coagulation in LDLr knockout mice G Francis , HP Makkar , K Becker . Effects of Quillaja saponins on growth, metabolism, egg production and muscle cholesterol in individually reared Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) . Comp Biochem Physiol C: Toxicol Pharmacol , 2001 . 129 ( 2 ): 105 - 114 . 11423383 DOI: 10.1016/S1532-0456(01)00189-2 http://doi.org/10.1016/S1532-0456(01)00189-2 . Effects of Quillaja saponins on growth, metabolism, egg production and muscle cholesterol in individually reared Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) R Geyeregger , M Zeyda , TM Stulnig . Liver X receptors in cardiovascular and metabolic disease . Cell Mol Life Sci , 2006 . 63 ( 5 ): 524 - 539 . 16389454 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-005-5398-3 http://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-005-5398-3 . Liver X receptors in cardiovascular and metabolic disease B Goodwin , SA Jones , RR Price , 等 . A regulatory cascade of the nuclear receptors FXR, SHP-1, and LRH-1 represses bile acid biosynthesis . Mol Cell , 2000 . 6 ( 3 ): 517 - 526 . 11030332 DOI: 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)00051-4 http://doi.org/10.1016/S1097-2765(00)00051-4 . A regulatory cascade of the nuclear receptors FXR, SHP-1, and LRH-1 represses bile acid biosynthesis W Ji , BQ Gong . Hypolipidemic effects and mechanisms of Panax notoginseng on lipid profile in hyperlipidemic rats . J Ethnopharmacol , 2007 . 113 ( 2 ): 318 - 324 . 17681443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.022 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.022 . Hypolipidemic effects and mechanisms of Panax notoginseng on lipid profile in hyperlipidemic rats S Kathiresan , AK Manning , S Demissie , 等 . A genome-wide association study for blood lipid phenotypes in the Framingham Heart Study . BMC Med Genet , 2007 . 8 ( Suppl. 1 ): S17 17903299 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-8-S1-S17 http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2350-8-S1-S17 . A genome-wide association study for blood lipid phenotypes in the Framingham Heart Study W Kong , J Wei , P Abidi , 等 . Berberine is a novel cholesterol-lowering drug working through a unique mechanism distinct from statins . Nat Med , 2004 . 10 ( 12 ): 1344 - 1351 . 15531889 DOI: 10.1038/nm1135 http://doi.org/10.1038/nm1135 . Berberine is a novel cholesterol-lowering drug working through a unique mechanism distinct from statins G Lambert , MJ Amar , G Guo , 等 . The farnesoid X-receptor is an essential regulator of cholesterol homeostasis . J Biol Chem , 2003 . 278 ( 4 ): 2563 - 2570 . 12421815 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M209525200 http://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M209525200 . The farnesoid X-receptor is an essential regulator of cholesterol homeostasis YH Li , P Yang , WJ Kong , 等 . Berberine analogues as a novel class of the low-density-lipoprotein receptor up-regulators: synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and cholesterol-lowering efficacy . J Med Chem , 2009 . 52 ( 2 ): 492 - 501 . 19090767 DOI: 10.1021/jm801157z http://doi.org/10.1021/jm801157z . Berberine analogues as a novel class of the low-density-lipoprotein receptor up-regulators: synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and cholesterol-lowering efficacy KJ Livak , TD Schmittgen . Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2 −∆∆ C T method . Methods , 2001 . 25 ( 4 ): 402 - 408 . 11846609 DOI: 10.1006/meth.2001.1262 http://doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262 . Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2−∆∆CT method AD Lopez , CD Mathers , M Ezzati , 等 . Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data . Lancet , 2006 . 367 ( 9524 ): 1747 - 1757 . 16731270 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9 http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9 . Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data Q Luo , XY Wen , M Lu , 等 . Regulation of Zhenqing Recipe on expression of hepatic LXRα in type 2 diabetic rats complicated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease . World Chin J Digestol , 2009 . 17 ( 14 ): 1394 - 1401 . (in Chinese) . Regulation of Zhenqing Recipe on expression of hepatic LXRα in type 2 diabetic rats complicated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease M Makishima , AY Okamoto , JJ Repa , 等 . Identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acids . Science , 1999 . 284 ( 5418 ): 1362 - 1365 . 10334992 DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5418.1362 http://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5418.1362 . Identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acids MR Malinow , P Mclaughlin , S Stafford , 等 . Alfalfa saponins and alfalfa seeds. Dietary effects in cholesterol-fed rabbits . Atherosclerosis , 1980 . 37 ( 3 ): 433 - 438 . 7458987 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9150(80)90148-3 http://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9150(80)90148-3 . Alfalfa saponins and alfalfa seeds. Dietary effects in cholesterol-fed rabbits MR Mallnow , P Mclaughlin , GO Kohler , 等 . Prevention of elevated cholesterolemia in monkeys by alfalfa saponins . Steroids , 1977 . 29 ( 1 ): 105 - 110 . 402716 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128X(77)90113-1 http://doi.org/10.1016/0039-128X(77)90113-1 . Prevention of elevated cholesterolemia in monkeys by alfalfa saponins M Mbikay , F Sirois , S Simoes , 等 . Quercetin-3-glucoside increases low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression, attenuates proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) secretion, and stimulates LDL uptake by Huh7 human hepatocytes in culture . FEBS Open Bio , 2014 . 4 755 - 762 . 25349780 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.08.003 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fob.2014.08.003 . Quercetin-3-glucoside increases low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression, attenuates proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) secretion, and stimulates LDL uptake by Huh7 human hepatocytes in culture S Mukherjee , S Mani . Orphan nuclear receptors as targets for drug development . Pharm Res , 2010 . 27 ( 8 ): 1439 - 1468 . 20372994 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0117-7 http://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-010-0117-7 . Orphan nuclear receptors as targets for drug development I Pineda Torra , T Claudel , C Duval , 等 . Bile acids induce the expression of the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α gene via activation of the farnesoid X receptor . Mol Endocrinol , 2003 . 17 ( 2 ): 259 - 272 . 12554753 DOI: 10.1210/me.2002-0120 http://doi.org/10.1210/me.2002-0120 . Bile acids induce the expression of the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α gene via activation of the farnesoid X receptor T Pischon , CJ Girman , FM Sacks , 等 . Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in the prediction of coronary heart disease in men . Circulation , 2005 . 112 ( 22 ): 3375 - 3383 . 16316964 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.532499 http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.532499 . Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in the prediction of coronary heart disease in men JL Ramírez-Zacarías , F Castro-Muñozledo , W Kuri-Harcuch . Quantitation of adipose conversion and triglycerides by staining intracytoplasmic lipids with Oil red O . Histochemistry , 1992 . 97 ( 6 ): 493 - 497 . 1385366 DOI: 10.1007/BF00316069 http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00316069 . Quantitation of adipose conversion and triglycerides by staining intracytoplasmic lipids with Oil red O MB Reena , LR Gowda , BR Lokesh . Enhanced hypocholesterolemic effects of interesterified oils are mediated by upregulating LDL receptor and cholesterol 7-α-hydroxylase gene expression in rats . J Nutr , 2011 . 141 ( 1 ): 24 - 30 . 21106933 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.127027 http://doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.127027 . Enhanced hypocholesterolemic effects of interesterified oils are mediated by upregulating LDL receptor and cholesterol 7-α-hydroxylase gene expression in rats JJ Repa , G Liang , J Ou , 等 . Regulation of mouse sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c gene (SREBP-1c) by oxysterol receptors, LXRα and LXRβ . Genes Dev , 2000 . 14 ( 22 ): 2819 - 2830 . 11090130 DOI: 10.1101/gad.844900 http://doi.org/10.1101/gad.844900 . Regulation of mouse sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c gene (SREBP-1c) by oxysterol receptors, LXRα and LXRβ M Rudling . Hepatic mRNA levels for the LDL receptor and HMG-CoA reductase show coordinate regulation in vivo . J Lipid Res , 1992 . 33 ( 4 ): 493 - 501 . 1527473 . Hepatic mRNA levels for the LDL receptor and HMG-CoA reductase show coordinate regulation in vivo B Santoso , B Mwenya , C Sar , 等 . Effects of supplementing galacto-oligosaccharides, Yucca schidigera or nisin on rumen methanogenesis, nitrogen and energy metabolism in sheep . Livest Prod Sci , 2004 . 91 ( 3 ): 209 - 217 . DOI: 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.08.004 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.08.004 . Effects of supplementing galacto-oligosaccharides, Yucca schidigera or nisin on rumen methanogenesis, nitrogen and energy metabolism in sheep S Sen , HP Makkar , K Becker . Alfalfa saponins and their implication in animal nutrition . J Agric Food Chem , 1998 . 46 ( 1 ): 131 - 140 . 10554208 DOI: 10.1021/jf970389i http://doi.org/10.1021/jf970389i . Alfalfa saponins and their implication in animal nutrition YH Shi , R Guo , XK Wang , 等 . The regulation of alfalfa saponin extract on key genes involved in hepatic cholesterol metabolism in hyperlipidemic rats . PLoS ONE , 2014 . 9 ( 2 ): e88282 24505463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088282 http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088282 . The regulation of alfalfa saponin extract on key genes involved in hepatic cholesterol metabolism in hyperlipidemic rats JC Stockert , A Blázquez-Castro , M Cañete , 等 . MTT assay for cell viability: intracellular localization of the formazan product is in lipid droplets . Acta Histochem , 2012 . 114 ( 8 ): 785 - 796 . 22341561 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.01.006 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2012.01.006 . MTT assay for cell viability: intracellular localization of the formazan product is in lipid droplets H Tu , AY Okamoto , B Shan . FXR, a bile acid receptor and biological sensor . Trends Cardiovasc Med , 2000 . 10 ( 1 ): 30 - 35 . 11150726 DOI: 10.1016/S1050-1738(00)00043-8 http://doi.org/10.1016/S1050-1738(00)00043-8 . FXR, a bile acid receptor and biological sensor JM Wang , D Wang , YY Tan , 等 . 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol and pioglitazone synergistically decrease cholesterol ester via the PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1 pathway in cholesterosis of the gallbladder . Biochem Biophys Res Commun , 2014 . 447 ( 1 ): 152 - 157 . 24704452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.130 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.130 . 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol and pioglitazone synergistically decrease cholesterol ester via the PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1 pathway in cholesterosis of the gallbladder YH Wang . Effects of alfalfa saponins and alfalfa meal on the production performance and regulation mechanism of weaned piglets and finishing pigs , 2007 . : Zhengzhou, China College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University , MS Thesis (in Chinese) . Effects of alfalfa saponins and alfalfa meal on the production performance and regulation mechanism of weaned piglets and finishing pigs L Zhou , YH Shi , R Guo , 等 . Digital gene-expression profiling analysis of the cholesterol-lowering effects of alfalfa saponin extract on laying hens . PLoS ONE , 2014 . 9 ( 6 ): e98578 24886784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098578 http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098578 . Digital gene-expression profiling analysis of the cholesterol-lowering effects of alfalfa saponin extract on laying hens Compliance with ethics guidelines Xin-ping LIANG, Dong-qiang ZHANG, Yan-yan CHEN, Rui GUO, Jie WANG, Cheng-zhang WANG, and Ying-hua SHI declare that they have no conflict of interest. This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors. The procedures of the experiment were strictly according to generally accepted international rules and regulations. 10.1631/jzus.B1400343 Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31301983) and the Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of China (No. CARS-35) 2014-11-30 2015-05-20 2015-05-04 2022-01-05 Copyright © Zhejiang University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 2015 Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B (Biomedicine and Biotechnology) 06 16