细菌病原体的新兴即时检测（POCT）技术

张雯; 杭云东; 詹思思; 宋维谣; 李彬晓; 陈楠; 吕敏

doi:10.1631/jzus.B2500782

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Review | Updated：2026-07-29

细菌病原体的新兴即时检测（POCT）技术
Emerging point-of-care technologies for bacterial pathogen detection
浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术） 2026年27卷第7期页码：677-697
Affiliations：

The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis, and Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
Funds：

the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32371439;22404026);the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(24ZR1455600;24ZR1455900)
DOI：10.1631/jzus.B2500782
中图分类号：
CSTR：
收稿：2025-12-01，

修回：2026-02-04，

网络首发：2026-07-29，

纸质出版：2026-07-15
Accepted：

张雯,杭云东,詹思思等.细菌病原体的新兴即时检测（POCT）技术[J].浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）,2026,27(07):677-697.

Wen ZHANG, Yundong HANG, Sisi ZHAN, et al. Emerging point-of-care technologies for bacterial pathogen detection[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B, 2026, 27(7): 677-697.
张雯,杭云东,詹思思等.细菌病原体的新兴即时检测（POCT）技术[J].浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）,2026,27(07):677-697. DOI： 10.1631/jzus.B2500782.

Wen ZHANG, Yundong HANG, Sisi ZHAN, et al. Emerging point-of-care technologies for bacterial pathogen detection[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B, 2026, 27(7): 677-697. DOI： 10.1631/jzus.B2500782.

摘要

细菌感染已成为全球性重大公共卫生威胁，亟需发展快速、准确、可现场化的诊断技术。即时检测（POCT）技术凭借其检测及时、操作简便和便携等优势，已成为应对细菌感染的变革性技术。POCT通过将分子诊断与微流控芯片技术相结合，提升了细菌检测的灵敏度、特异性、多重检测能力和自动化水平；同时，伴随着低成本、便携式检测装置不断涌现，以及智能手机读取信号与云端传输数据等技术的融合，POCT为在资源受限的场景下实时监测病原菌提供了可行性。然而，如何选择最优检测靶标（例如，基因组序列、保守蛋白表位或存活细胞）并构建与之匹配的POCT技术，相关综述尚不充分。本综述系统总结了用于细菌检测的POCT策略的最新进展，并依据三类主要检测目标（细胞表型特征、表面抗原和核酸）进行分类；评述了可视化显微镜成像技术、免疫检测方法、等温核酸扩增技术、成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列及其关联蛋白系统（CRISPR-Cas）系统以及微流控生物传感器等POCT平台的检测原理、优势、局限性及代表性生物医学应用，展示了POCT技术在样品前处理、检测灵敏度和操作简便性等关键环节上取得的阶段性突破；最后提出了当前POCT技术面向临床实际需求所面临的挑战，并展望了未来聚焦于构建集成化、自动化、智能化POCT系统的发展趋势。

Abstract

Bacterial infections remain a significant threat to public health worldwide

driving an urgent need for rapid

accurate

and field-deployable diagnostic techniques. Point-of-care testing (POCT) has emerged as a transformative strategy

providing timely detection

operational simplicity

and portability. Recent studies have aimed at enhancing sensitivity

specificity

multiplexing capability

and automation through the integration of molecular diagnostics with microfluidics and lab-on-chip technologies

alongside the development of low-cost

portable devices equipped with smartphone-based readout and cloud connectivity for real-time surveillance in resource-limited settings. Nonetheless

evidence-based frameworks for selecting optimal detection targets—such as genomic sequences

conserved protein epitopes

or viable whole cells—and matching them to appropriate POCT modalities remain notably underrepresented in the literature. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in POCT strategies for bacterial detection

categorized according to three major types of detection targets

including cellular phenotypic characteristics

surface antigens

and nucleic acids. We discuss the principles

advantages

limitations

and representative applications of key POCT platforms

which include microscopy-based visualization

immunoassays

isothermal amplification

clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) systems

and microfluidic biosensors. Critical challenges

such as sample pretreatment

detection sensitivity

and operational simplicity

have been partially addressed through recent innovations. Finally

we outline the main future research directions focused on the development of integrated

automated

and intelligent POCT systems for clinical deployment.

关键词

Keywords

references

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