PARP抑制剂在癌症治疗中的未来：通过联合疗法克服耐药性并提高疗效

Muhammad SHOAIB; Zeeshan Ahmad BHUTTA; Ahsan JAVED; Muhammad Nabeel AMJAD; 李文珠; Kyung-Chul CHOI; 蒲万霞

doi:10.1631/jzus.B2400146

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

PARP抑制剂在癌症治疗中的未来：通过联合疗法克服耐药性并提高疗效

Scan QR Code

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

Submit

Review | Updated：2026-01-27

PARP抑制剂在癌症治疗中的未来：通过联合疗法克服耐药性并提高疗效
Future of PARP inhibitors in cancer treatment: overcoming resistance and enhancing efficacy with combination therapies
浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术） 2026年27卷第1期页码：23-43
Affiliations：

1.Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province / Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
2.Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
3.Basic Health Unit Haft Maddar, Tehsil and District Nankana Sahib, Punjab 37000, Pakistan
4.CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
5.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
6.Department of Clinical Medicine, Qilihe District People’s Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou 730050, China
Funds：

the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(25-LZIHPS-03);the Regional Innovation System & Education (RISE) program through the Chungbuk Regional Innovation System & Education Center, funded by the Ministry of Education (MOE) and the Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea(2025-RISE-11-014-03)
DOI：10.1631/jzus.B2400146
中图分类号：
CSTR：
收稿：2024-03-13，

修回：2024-08-28，

网络出版：2025-12-11，

纸质出版：2026-01-27
Accepted：

Muhammad SHOAIB,Zeeshan Ahmad BHUTTA,Ahsan JAVED等.PARP抑制剂在癌症治疗中的未来：通过联合疗法克服耐药性并提高疗效[J].浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）,2026,27(01):23-43.

Muhammad SHOAIB, Zeeshan Ahmad BHUTTA, Ahsan JAVED, et al. Future of PARP inhibitors in cancer treatment: overcoming resistance and enhancing efficacy with combination therapies[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B, 2026, 27(1): 23-43.
Muhammad SHOAIB,Zeeshan Ahmad BHUTTA,Ahsan JAVED等.PARP抑制剂在癌症治疗中的未来：通过联合疗法克服耐药性并提高疗效[J].浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）,2026,27(01):23-43. DOI： 10.1631/jzus.B2400146.

Muhammad SHOAIB, Zeeshan Ahmad BHUTTA, Ahsan JAVED, et al. Future of PARP inhibitors in cancer treatment: overcoming resistance and enhancing efficacy with combination therapies[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B, 2026, 27(1): 23-43. DOI： 10.1631/jzus.B2400146.

摘要

聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶（PARP）作为一个蛋白质家族，在不同细胞过程中起着至关重要的作用，包括DNA修复、细胞死亡和染色质结构变化。PARP抑制剂（PARPi）在抗癌治疗中的意义在于其特异性破坏DNA修复途径的能力，可导致癌细胞的靶向死亡，特别是在具有同源重组缺陷（HRD）的癌症中。这些抑制剂已被批准用于治疗包括卵巢癌、乳腺癌和胰腺癌在内的几种癌症。尽管PARPi具有良好的治疗前景，但其耐药性的产生却是一个巨大障碍，限制了其整体疗效。本综述对与PARPi抗性相关的潜在机制进行了全面描述，同时深入研究了克服耐药性的潜在策略，并评估了PARPi与替代疗法联合使用的治疗潜力。

Abstract

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a family of proteins that play a crucial role in diverse cellular processes

including DNA repair

cell death

and changes in chromatin structure. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have been recognized as notable agents in the realm of anticancer therapeutics owing to their capacity to specifically impact DNA repair pathways

thereby inducing targeted death of cancerous cells

particularly in cancers with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD). These inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of several cancers

such as ovarian

breast

and pancreatic cancers. Despite their promising therapeutic attributes

developing resistance to PARPi presents a formidable obstacle

curtailing their overall efficacy. This article presents a comprehensive description of the potential mechanisms related to PARPi resistance

an in-depth study of potential strategies to overcome resistance

and an assessment of the therapeutic potential of the PARPi in combination with alternative therapies.

关键词

Keywords

references

Abida W , Campbell D , Patnaik A , et al. , 2019 . Preliminary results from the TRITON2 study of rucaparib in patients (pts) with DNA damage repair (DDR)-deficient metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (MCRPC): updated analyses . Ann Oncol , 30 ( S5 ): v 327-v328. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdz248.003 https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdz248.003

Amarante-Mendes GP , Adjemian S , Branco LM , et al. , 2018 . Pattern recognition receptors and the host cell death molecular machinery . Front Immunol , 9 : 2379 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02379 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02379

Antolin AA , Ameratunga M , Banerji U , et al. , 2020 . The kinase polypharmacology landscape of clinical PARP inhibitors . Sci Rep , 10 : 2585 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59074-4 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59074-4

Armstrong N , Ryder S , Forbes C , et al. , 2019 . A systematic review of the international prevalence of BRCA mutation in breast cancer . Clin Epidemiol , 11 : 543 - 561 . https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S206949 https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S206949

Azarm K , Smith S , 2020 . Nuclear PARPs and genome integrity . Genes Dev , 34 ( 5-6 ): 285 - 301 . https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.334730.119 https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.334730.119

Baer MR , Kogan AA , Bentzen SM , et al. , 2022 . Phase I clinical trial of DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine and PARP inhibitor talazoparib combination therapy in relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia . Clin Cancer Res , 28 ( 7 ): 1313 - 1322 . https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-21-3729 https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-21-3729

Beck C , Boehler C , Guirouilh Barbat J , et al. , 2014 . PARP3 affects the relative contribution of homologous recombination and nonhomologous end-joining pathways . Nucleic Acids Res , 42 ( 9 ): 5616 - 5632 . https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gku174 https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gku174

Berti M , Cortez D , Lopes M , 2020 . The plasticity of DNA replication forks in response to clinically relevant genotoxic stress . Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol , 21 ( 10 ): 633 - 651 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-020-0257-5 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-020-0257-5

Bhutta ZA , Go RE , Choi KC , 2024 . Effect of punicalagin on the autophagic cell death in triple-negative breast cancer cells . Toxicol Res , 10 ( 4 ): 585 - 598 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-024-00246-z https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-024-00246-z

Bian CJ , Zhang C , Luo T , et al. , 2019 . NADP + is an endogenous PARP inhibitor in DNA damage response and tumor suppression . Nat Commun , 10 : 693 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08530-5 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08530-5

Boumehira AZ , Akchiche YF , Cherfi W , et al. , 2022 . Metabolomics approaches for early cancer diagnosis: a review . Asian J Agric Biol , ( 4 ): 202012566 . https://doi.org/10.35495/ajab.2020.12.566 https://doi.org/10.35495/ajab.2020.12.566

Boussios S , Karihtala P , Moschetta M , et al. , 2020 . Veliparib in ovarian cancer: a new synthetically lethal therapeutic approach . Invest New Drugs , 38 ( 1 ): 181 - 193 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10637-019-00867-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10637-019-00867-4

Callen E , Zong DL , Wu W , et al. , 2020 . 53BP1 enforces distinct pre- and post-resection blocks on homologous recombination . Mol Cell , 77 ( 1 ): 26 - 38.e7 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2019.09.024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2019.09.024

Caracciolo D , Riillo C , Arbitrio M , et al. , 2020 . Error-prone DNA repair pathways as determinants of immunotherapy activity: an emerging scenario for cancer treatment . Int J Cancer , 147 ( 10 ): 2658 - 2668 . https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.33038 https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.33038

Caracciolo D , Riillo C , di Martino MT , et al. , 2021 . Alternative non-homologous end-joining: error-prone DNA repair as cancer’s Achilles’ heel . Cancers (Basel) , 13 ( 6 ): 1392 . https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13061392 https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13061392

Chambon P , Weill JD , Mandel P , 1963 . Nicotinamide mononucleotide activation of a new DNA-dependent polyadenylic acid synthesizing nuclear enzyme . Biochem Biophys Res Commun , 11 ( 1 ): 39 - 43 . https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(63)90024-X https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(63)90024-X

Chan WY , Brown LJ , Reid L , et al. , 2021 . PARP inhibitors in melanoma—an expanding therapeutic option? Cancers (Basel) , 13 ( 18 ): 4520 . https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13184520 https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13184520

Chaudhari S , Ware AP , Jayaram P , et al. , 2021 . Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 2 (APE2): an ancillary enzyme for contextual base excision repair mechanisms to preserve genome stability . Biochimie , 190 : 70 - 90 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2021.07.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2021.07.006

Choi YE , Meghani K , Brault ME , et al. , 2016 . Platinum and PARP inhibitor resistance due to overexpression of microRNA-622 in BRCA1 -mutant ovarian cancer . Cell Rep , 14 ( 3 ): 429 - 439 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.046 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.046

Clements KE , Schleicher EM , Thakar T , et al. , 2020 . Identification of regulators of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase inhib itor response through complementary CRISPR knockout and activation screens. Nat Commun , 11 : 6118 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19961-w https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19961-w

Coleman RL , Oza AM , Lorusso D , et al. , 2017 . Rucaparib maintenance treatment for recurrent ovarian carcinoma after response to platinum therapy (ARIEL3): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial . Lancet , 390 ( 10106 ): 1949 - 1961 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32440-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32440-6

Cong K , Peng M , Kousholt AN , et al. , 2021 . Replication gaps are a key determinant of PARP inhibitor synthetic lethality with BRCA deficiency . Mol Cell , 81 ( 15 ): 3128 - 3144.e7 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2021.06.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2021.06.011

Constantinou S , 2019 . Mechanisms of human RAD51 regulation by RAD52 and BRCA 2 . PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge, UK. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.52723 https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.52723

Curtin NJ , Szabo C , 2020 . Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition: past, present and future . Nat Rev Drug Discov , 19 ( 10 ): 711 - 736 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-020-0076-6 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-020-0076-6

de Bono J , Mateo J , Fizazi K , et al. , 2020 . Olaparib for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer . N Engl J Med , 382 ( 22 ): 2091 - 2102 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1911440 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1911440

de Krijger I , Boersma V , Jacobs JJL , 2021 . REV7: jack of many trades . Trends Cell Biol , 31 ( 8 ): 686 - 701 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2021.04.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2021.04.002

Dias MP , Moser SC , Ganesan S , et al. , 2021 . Understanding and overcoming resistance to PARP inhibitors in cancer therapy . Nat Rev Clin Oncol , 18 ( 12 ): 773 - 791 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-021-00532-x https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-021-00532-x

Drew Y , Penson RT , O'Malley DM , et al. , 2020 . Phase II study of olaparib (O) plus durvalumab (D) and bevacizumab (B) (MEDIOLA): initial results in patients (pts) with non-germline BRCA-mutated (non-gBRCAm) platinum sensitive relapsed (PSR) ovarian cancer (OC) . Ann Oncol , 31 ( S4 ): S615 - S616 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.953 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.953

Ettl J , Quek RGW , Lee KH , et al. , 2018 . Quality of life with talazoparib versus physician’s choice of chemotherapy in patients with advanced breast cancer and germline BRCA1 / 2 mutation: patient-reported outcomes from the EMBRACA phase III trial . Ann Oncol , 29 ( 9 ): 1939 - 1947 . https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdy257 https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdy257

Farago AF , Yeap BY , Stanzione M , et al. , 2019 . Combination olaparib and temozolomide in relapsed small-cell lung cancer . Cancer Discov , 9 ( 10 ): 1372 - 1387 . https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-19-0582 https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-19-0582

Faraoni I , Graziani G , 2018 . Role of BRCA mutations in cancer treatment with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhib itors. Cancers (Basel) , 10 ( 12 ): 487 . https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers10120487 https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers10120487

Faraoni I , Giansanti M , Voso MT , et al. , 2019 . Targeting ADP-ribosylation by PARP inhibitors in acute myeloid leukaemia and related disorders . Biochem Pharmacol , 167 : 133 - 148 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2019.04.019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2019.04.019

Fattah F , Lee EH , Weisensel N , et al. , 2010 . Ku regulates the non-homologous end joining pathway choice of DNA double-strand break repair in human somatic cells . PLoS Genetics , 6 ( 2 ): e1000855 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1000855 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1000855

Friedlander M , Matulonis U , Gourley C , et al. , 2018 . Long-term efficacy, tolerability and overall survival in patients with platinum-sensitive, recurrent high-grade serous ovarian cancer treated with maintenance olaparib capsules following response to chemotherapy . Br J Cancer , 119 ( 9 ): 1075 - 1085 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-018-0271-y https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-018-0271-y

Fujiwara K , Vergote IB , Sehouli J , et al. , 2019 . ENGOT-ov43/KEYLYNK-001: a phase III trial of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy with olaparib maintenance for first-line treatment of BRCA-nonmutated advanced epithelial ovarian cancer . Ann Oncol , 30(S9):ix89. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdz426.039 https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdz426.039

Gandaglia G , Leni R , Bray F , et al. , 2021 . Epidemiology and prevention of prostate cancer . Eur Urol Oncol , 4 ( 6 ): 877 - 892 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euo.2021.09.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euo.2021.09.006

Gaymes TJ , Mohamedali AM , Patterson M , et al. , 2013 . Microsatellite instability induced mutations in DNA repair genes CtIP and MRE11 confer hypersensitivity to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors in myeloid malignancies . Haematologica , 98 ( 9 ): 1397 - 1406 . https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2012.079251 https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2012.079251

George A , Kaye S , Banerjee S , 2017 . Delivering widespread BRCA testing and PARP inhibition to patients with ovarian cancer . Nat Rev Clin Oncol , 14 ( 5 ): 284 - 296 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.191 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.191

Giri AK , Aittokallio T , 2019 . DNMT inhibitors increase methylation in the cancer genome . Front Pharmacol , 10 : 385 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00385 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00385

Giudice E , Gentile M , Salutari V , et al. , 2022 . PARP inhibitors resistance: mechanisms and perspectives . Cancers (Basel) , 14 ( 6 ): 1420 . https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14061420 https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14061420

Golan T , Hammel P , Reni M , et al. , 2019 . Maintenance olaparib for germline BRCA -mutated metastatic pancreatic cancer . N Engl J Med , 381 ( 4 ): 317 - 327 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1903387 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1903387

Gonçalves A , Bertucci A , Bertucci F , 2020 . PARP inhibitors in the treatment of early breast cancer: the step beyond? Cancers (Basel) , 12 ( 6 ): 1378 . https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12061378 https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12061378

González-Martín A , Pothuri B , Vergote I , et al. , 2019 . Niraparib in patients with newly diagnosed advanced ovarian cancer . N Engl J Med , 381 ( 25 ): 2391 - 2402 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1910962 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1910962

Gornstein EL , Sandefur S , Chung JH , et al. , 2018 . BRCA2 reversion mutation associated with acquired resistance to olaparib in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer detected by genomic profiling of tissue and liquid biopsy . Clin Breast Cancer , 18 ( 2 ): 184 - 188 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clbc.2017.12.010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clbc.2017.12.010

Han HS , Diéras V , Robson M , et al. , 2018 . Veliparib with temozolomide or carboplatin/paclitaxel versus placebo with carboplatin/paclitaxel in patients with BRCA1 / 2 locally recurrent/metastatic breast cancer: randomized phase II study . Ann Oncol , 29 ( 1 ): 154 - 161 . https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdx505 https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdx505

Han Y , Yu XP , Li SQ , et al. , 2020 . New perspectives for resistance to PARP inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer . Front Oncol , 10 : 578095 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.578095 https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.578095

Hanzlikova H , Caldecott KW , 2019 . Perspectives on PARPs in S phase . Trends in Genetics , 35 ( 6 ): 412 - 422 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2019.03.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2019.03.008

Hanzlikova H , Gittens W , Krejcikova K , et al. , 2017 . Overlapping roles for PARP1 and PARP2 in the recruitment of endogenous XRCC1 and PNKP into oxidized chromatin . Nucleic Acids Res , 45 ( 5 ): 2546 - 2557 . https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw1246 https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw1246

Harrision D , Gravells P , Thompson R , et al. , 2020 . Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) vs. poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) ‒ function in genome maintenance and relevance of inhibitors for anti-cancer therapy . Front Mol Biosci , 7 : 191 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2020.00191 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2020.00191

Harter P , Trillsch F , Okamoto A , et al. , 2023 . Durvalumab with paclitaxel/carboplatin (PC) and bevacizumab (bev), followed by maintenance durvalumab, bev, and olaparib in patients (PTS) with newly diagnosed advanced ovarian cancer (AOC) without a tumor BRCA1/2 mutation (non-tBRCAm): results from the randomized, placebo (pbo)-controlled phase III DUO-O trial . J Clin Oncol , 41(17_suppl):LBA5506. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2023.41.17_suppl.LBA5506 https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2023.41.17_suppl.LBA5506

Haynes B , Murai J , Lee JM , 2018 . Restored replication fork stabilization, a mechanism of PARP inhibitor resistance, can be overcome by cell cycle checkpoint inhibition . Cancer Treat Rev , 71 : 1 - 7 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.09.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.09.003

He J , Fortunati E , Liu DX , et al. , 2021 . Pleiotropic roles of ABC transporters in breast cancer . Int J Mol Sci , 22 ( 6 ): 3199 . https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063199 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063199

Heeke AL , Pishvaian MJ , Lynce F , et al. , 2018 . Prevalence of homologous recombination-related gene mutations across multiple cancer types . JCO Precis Oncol , 2 : 1 - 13 . https://doi.org/10.1200/PO.17.00286 https://doi.org/10.1200/PO.17.00286

Heeke AL , Pishvaian M , Wang HK , et al. , 2020 . Abstract OT2-03-04: a trial of induction Talazoparib followed by a combination of Talazoparib and Avelumab in advanced breast cancer: the TALAVE study . Cancer Res , 80 ( 4_suppl ): OT2 - 04 . https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.SABCS19-OT2-03-04 https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.SABCS19-OT2-03-04

Higuchi F , Nagashima H , Ning JF , et al. , 2020 . Restoration of temozolomide sensitivity by PARP inhibitors in mismatch repair deficient glioblastoma is independent of base excision repair . Clin Cancer Res , 26 ( 7 ): 1690 - 1699 . https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2000 https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2000

Hirota K , Ooka M , Shimizu N , et al. , 2022 . XRCC1 counteracts poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) poisons, olaparib and talazoparib, and a clinical alkylating agent, temozolomide, by promoting the removal of trapped PARP1 from broken DNA . Genes Cells , 27 ( 5 ): 331 - 344 . https://doi.org/10.1111/gtc.12929 https://doi.org/10.1111/gtc.12929

Hjortkjær M , Kanstrup H , Jakobsen A , et al. , 2018 . Veliparib and topotecan for patients with platinum-resistant or partially platinum-sensitive relapse of epithelial ovarian cancer with BRCA negative or unknown BRCA status . Cancer Treat Res Commun , 14 : 7 - 12 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctarc.2017.09.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctarc.2017.09.001

Hopkins TA , Shi Y , Rodriguez LE , et al. , 2015 . Mechanistic dissection of PARP1 trapping and the impact on in vivo tolerability and efficacy of PARP inhibitors . Mol Cancer Res , 13 ( 11 ): 1465 - 1477 . https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-15-0191-T https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-15-0191-T

Hu XY , Zhang JF , Zhang Y , et al. , 2022 . Dual-target inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 for cancer therapy: advances, challenges, and opportunities . Eur J Med Chem , 230 : 114094 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114094 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114094

Jonuscheit S , Jost T , Gajdošová F , et al. , 2021 . PARP inhib

itors talazoparib and niraparib sensitize melanoma cells to ionizing radiation . Genes , 12 ( 6 ): 849 . https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12060849 https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12060849

Kee Y , D'Andrea AD , 2010 . Expanded roles of the Fanconi anemia pathway in preserving genomic stability . Genes Dev , 24 ( 16 ): 1680 - 1694 . https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.1955310 https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.1955310

Kim SJ , Lee K , Park J , et al. , 2023 . CKD-516 potentiates the anti-cancer activity of docetaxel against epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant lung cancer . Toxicol Res , 39 ( 1 ): 61 - 69 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-022-00146-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-022-00146-0

Konstantinopoulos PA , Waggoner S , Vidal GA , et al. , 2019 . Single-arm phases 1 and 2 trial of niraparib in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with recurrent platinum-resistant ovarian carcinoma . JAMA Oncology , 5 ( 8 ): 1141 - 1149 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.1048 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.1048

Koppensteiner R , Samartzis EP , Noske A , et al. , 2014 . Effect of MRE11 loss on PARP-inhibitor sensitivity in endometrial cancer in vitro . PLoS ONE , 9 ( 6 ): e100041 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100041 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100041

Kozono DE , Stinchcombe TE , Salama JK , et al. , 2021 . Veliparib in combination with carboplatin/paclitaxel-based chemoradiotherapy in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer . Lung Cancer , 159 : 56 - 65 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.06.028 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.06.028

Kubalanza K , Konecny GE , 2020 . Mechanisms of PARP inhib itor resistance in ovarian cancer. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol , 32 ( 1 ): 36 - 41 . https://doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0000000000000600 https://doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0000000000000600

Kumari N , 2023 . A ligase IV/XRCC4-dependent single strand break repair pathway for the maintenance of A/T-rich regions during DNA replication in mammals . PhD Dissemination , Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Indian.

Laird JH , Lok BH , Ma J , et al. , 2018 . Talazoparib is a potent radiosensitizer in small cell lung cancer cell lines and xenografts . Clin Cancer Res , 24 ( 20 ): 5143 - 5152 . https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-0401 https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-0401

Lakomy DS , Urbauer DL , Westin SN , et al. , 2020 . Phase I study of the PARP inhibitor talazoparib with radiation therapy for locally recurrent gynecologic cancers . Clin Transl Radiat Oncol , 21 : 56 - 61 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctro.2019.12.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctro.2019.12.005

Laspata N , Muoio D , Fouquerel E , 2024 . Multifaceted role of PARP1 in maintaining genome stability through its binding to alternative DNA structures . J Mol Biol , 436 ( 1 ): 168207 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168207 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168207

Le D , Gelmon KA , 2018 . Olaparib tablets for the treatment of germ line BRCA-mutated metastatic breast cancer . Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol , 11 ( 9 ): 833 - 839 . https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2018.1513321 https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2018.1513321

Lee YC , Lee YC , Li CY , et al. , 2020 . BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations and lung cancer risk: a meta-analysis . Medicina , 56 ( 5 ): 212 . https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56050212 https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56050212

Li SY , Wang LL , Wang YY , et al. , 2022 . The synthetic lethality of targeting cell cycle checkpoints and PARPs in cancer treatment . J Hematol Oncol , 15 ( 1 ): 147 - 147 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-022-01360-x https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-022-01360-x

Li T , Chen ZJ , 2018 . The cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway connects DNA damage to inflammation, senescence, and cancer . J Exp Med , 215 ( 5 ): 1287 - 1299 . https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20180139 https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20180139

Lin KK , Harrell MI , Oza AM , et al. , 2019 . BRCA reversion mutations in circulating tumor DNA predict primary and acquired resistance to the PARP inhibitor rucaparib in high-grade ovarian carcinoma . Cancer Discov , 9 ( 2 ): 210 - 219 . https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-18-0715 https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-18-0715

Litton JK , Hurvitz SA , Mina LA , et al. , 2020 . Talazoparib versus chemotherapy in patients with germline BRCA1/2 -mutated HER2-negative advanced breast cancer: final overall survival results from the embraca trial . Ann Oncol , 31 ( 11 ): 1526 - 1535 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.2098 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.2098

Liu Q , Fang LM , Wu CJ , 2022 . Alternative splicing and isoforms: from mechanisms to diseases . Genes (Basel) , 13 ( 3 ): 401 . https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13030401 https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13030401

Lorusso P , Pilat MJP , Santa-Maria CA , et al. , 2020 . Trial in progress: a phase II open-label, randomized study of PARP inhibition (olaparib) either alone or in combination with anti-PD-L1 therapy (atezolizumab) in homologous DNA repair (HDR) deficient, locally advanced or metastatic non-HER2-positive breast cancer . J Clin Oncol , 38(15_suppl):TPS1102. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.TPS1102 https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.TPS1102

Lu YJ , Chan YT , Tan HY , et al. , 2020 . Epigenetic regulation in human cancer: the potential role of epi-drug in cancer therapy . Mol Cancer , 19 : 7 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-020-01197-3 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-020-01197-3

Luo J , Dai XC , Hu H , et al. , 2020 . Fluzoparib increases radiation sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells without BRCA1/2 mutation, a novel PARP1 inhibitor undergoing clinical trials . J Cancer Res Clin Oncol , 146 ( 3 ): 721 - 737 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-019-03097-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-019-03097-6

Lyko F , 2018 . The DNA methyltransferase family: a versatile toolkit for epigenetic regulation . Nat Rev Genet , 19 ( 2 ): 81 - 92 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg.2017.80 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg.2017.80

Maharjan A , Gautam R , Acharya M , et al. , 2023 . Association of immunotoxicological indices with lung cancer biomarkers in poultry, grape, and rose farming workers . Toxicol Res , 39 ( 4 ): 739 - 747 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-023-00199-9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-023-00199-9

Matanes E , López-Ozuna VM , Octeau D , et al. , 2021 . Inhibition of poly ADP-ribose glycohydrolase sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors and platinum agents . Front Oncol , 11 : 745981 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.745981 https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.745981

Mateo J , Porta N , Bianchini D , et al. , 2020 . Olaparib in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with DNA repair gene aberrations (TOPARP-B): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial . Lancet Oncol , 21 ( 1 ): 162 - 174 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30684-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30684-9

Maya-Mendoza A , Moudry P , Merchut-Maya JM , et al. , 2018 . High speed of fork progression induces DNA replication stress and genomic instability . Nature , 559 ( 7713 ): 279 - 284 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0261-5 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0261-5

McCarthy-Leo C , Darwiche F , Tainsky MA , 2022 . DNA repair mechanisms, protein interactions and therapeutic targeting of the MRN complex . Cancers (Basel) , 14 ( 21 ): 5278 . https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14215278 https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14215278

Mirza MR , Monk BJ , Herrstedt J , et al. , 2016 . Niraparib maintenance therapy in platinum-sensitive, recurrent ovarian cancer . N Engl J Med , 375 ( 22 ): 2154 - 2164 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1611310 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1611310

Moor N , Vasil’eva I , Lavrik O , 2020 . Functional role of N-terminal extension of human AP endonuclease 1 in coordination of base excision DNA repair via protein‒protein interactions . Int J Mol Sci , 21 ( 9 ): 3122 . https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093122 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093122

Moore KN , Secord AA , Geller MA , et al. , 2019 . Niraparib monotherapy for late-line treatment of ovarian cancer (QUADRA): a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 trial . Lancet Oncol , 20 ( 5 ): 636 - 648 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30029-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30029-4

Mouw KW , Goldberg MS , Konstantinopoulos PA , et al. , 2017 . DNA damage and repair biomarkers of immunotherapy response . Cancer Discov , 7 ( 7 ): 675 - 693 . https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-17-0226 https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-17-0226

Murai J , Huang SYN , Das BB , et al. , 2012 . Trapping of PARP1 and PARP2 by clinical PARP inhibitors . Cancer Res , 72 ( 21 ): 5588 - 5599 . https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-2753 https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-2753

Noordermeer SM , van Attikum H , 2019 . PARP inhibitor resistance: a tug-of-war in BRCA-mutated cells . Trends Cell Biol , 29 ( 10 ): 820 - 834 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2019.07.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2019.07.008

Oh M , Alkhushaym N , Fallatah S , et al. , 2019 . The association of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations with prostate cancer risk, frequency, and mortality: a meta-analysis . Prostate , 79 ( 8 ): 880 - 895 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.23795 https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.23795

Oza AM , Tinker AV , Oaknin A , et al. , 2017 . Antitumor activity and safety of the PARP inhibitor rucaparib in patients with high-grade ovarian carcinoma and a germline or somatic BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation: integrated analysis of data from study 10 and ARIEL2 . Gynecol Oncol , 147 ( 2 ): 267 - 275 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.08.022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.08.022

Patel AG , Sarkaria JN , Kaufmann SH , 2011 . Nonhomologous end joining drives poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor lethality in homologous recombination-deficient cells . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 108 ( 8 ): 3406 - 3411 . https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1013715108 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1013715108

Poveda A , Floquet A , Ledermann JA , et al. , 2021 . Olaparib tablets as maintenance therapy in patients with platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer and a BRCA1 / 2 mutation (SOLO2/ENGOT-OV21): a final analysis of a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial . Lancet Oncol , 22 ( 5 ): 620 - 631 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00073-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00073-5

Preiss J , Schlaeger R , Hilz H , 1971 . Specific inhibition of poly adpribose polymerase by thymidine and nicotinamide in HeLa cells . FEBS Lett , 19 ( 3 ): 244 - 246 . https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(71)80524-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(71)80524-0

Rahib L , Wehner MR , Matrisian LM , et al. , 2021 . Estimated projection of US cancer incidence and death to 2040 . JAMA Netw Open , 4 ( 4 ): e214708 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.4708 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.4708

Raimundo L , Calheiros J , Saraiva L , 2021 . Exploiting DNA damage repair in precision cancer therapy: BRCA1 as a prime therapeutic target . Cancers (Basel) , 13 ( 14 ): 3438 . https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13143438 https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13143438

Ray Chaudhuri A , Nussenzweig A , 2017 . The multifaceted roles of PARP1 in DNA repair and chromatin remodelling . Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol , 18 ( 10 ): 610 - 621 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm.2017.53 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm.2017.53

Ray-Coquard I , Pautier P , Pignata S , et al. , 2019 . Olaparib plus bevacizumab as first-line maintenance in ovarian cancer . N Engl J Med , 381 ( 25 ): 2416 - 2428 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1911361 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1911361

Robson M , Im SA , Senkus E , et al. , 2017 . Olaparib for metastatic breast cancer in patients with a germline BRCA mutation . N Engl J Med , 377 ( 6 ): 523 - 533 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1706450 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1706450

Sachdev E , Tabatabai R , Roy V , et al. , 2019 . PARP inhibition in cancer: an update on clinical development . Targ Onco , 14 ( 6 ): 657 - 679 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-019-00680-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-019-00680-2

Saville KM , 2022 . Role of PARP1 and NAD + bioavailability in base excision and single-strand break repair . PhD Thesis, University of South Alabama, United States. https://jagworks.southalabama.edu/theses_diss/98 https://jagworks.southalabama.edu/theses_diss/98

Shen JF , Zhao W , Ju ZL , et al. , 2019 . PARPi triggers the STING-dependent immune response and enhances the therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade independent of BRCAness . Cancer Res , 79 ( 2 ): 311 - 319 . https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-1003 https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-1003

Sheng Y , Xu ME , Li CY , et al. , 2018 . Nm23-H1 is involved in the repair of ionizing radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks in the A549 lung cancer cell line . BMC Cancer , 18 : 710 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-4592-2 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-4592-2

Shibata A , Jeggo PA , 2021 . ATM’s role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks . Genes (Basel) , 12 ( 9 ): 1370 . https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12091370 https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12091370

Short NJ , Rytting ME , Cortes JE , 2018 . Acute myeloid leukaemia . Lancet , 392 ( 10147 ): 593 - 606 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31041-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31041-9

Short NJ , Dombret H , Adès L , et al. , 2022 . The evolution of research and therapy with hypomethylating agents in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome: new directions for old drugs . Cancer J , 28 ( 1 ): 29 - 36 . https://doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0000000000000568 https://doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0000000000000568

Shroff RT , Hendifar A , McWilliams RR , et al. , 2018 . Rucaparib monotherapy in patients with pancreatic cancer and a known deleterious BRCA mutation . JCO Precis Oncol , 2 : 1 - 15 . https://doi.org/10.1200/PO.17.00316 https://doi.org/10.1200/PO.17.00316

Singh DD , Parveen A , Yadav DK , 2021 . Role of PARP in TNBC: mechanism of inhibition, clinical applications, and resistance . Biomedicines , 9 ( 11 ): 1512 . https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9111512 https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9111512

Sishc BJ , Davis AJ , 2017 . The role of the core non-homologous end joining factors in carcinogenesis and cancer . Cancers (Basel) , 9 ( 7 ): 81 . https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers9070081 https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers9070081

Sizemore ST , Mohammad R , Sizemore GM , et al. , 2018 . Synthetic lethality of PARP inhibition and ionizing radiation is p53-dependent . Mol Cancer Res , 16 ( 7 ): 1092 - 1102 . https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.Mcr-18-0106 https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.Mcr-18-0106

Somlo G , Frankel PH , Arun BK , et al. , 2017 . Efficacy of the PARP inhibitor veliparib with carboplatin or as a single agent in patients with germline BRCA1 - or BRCA2 -associated metastatic breast cancer: California Cancer Consortium Trial NCT01149083 . Clin Cancer Res , 23 ( 15 ): 4066 - 4076 . https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-2714 https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-2714

Stavropoulou V , Peters AHFM , Schwaller J , 2018 . Aggressive leukemia driven by MLL-AF9 . Mol Cell Oncol , 5 ( 3 ): e1241854 . https://doi.org/10.1080/23723556.2016.1241854 https://doi.org/10.1080/23723556.2016.1241854

Sung H , Ferlay J , Siegel RL , et al. , 2021 . Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries . CA Cancer J Clin , 71 ( 3 ): 209 - 249 . https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660 https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660

Svetec Miklenić M , Svetec IK , 2021 . Palindromes in DNA—a risk for genome stability and implications in cancer . Int J Mol Sci , 22 ( 6 ): 2840 . https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062840 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062840

Swisher EM , Aghajanian C , O'Malley DM , et al. , 2022 . Impact of homologous recombination status and responses with veliparib combined with first-line chemotherapy in ovarian cancer in the phase 3 VELIA/GOG-3005 study . Gynecol Oncol , 164 ( 2 ): 245 - 253 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2021.12.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2021.12.003

Tuli R , Shiao SL , Nissen N , et al. , 2019 . A phase 1 study of veliparib, a PARP-1/2 inhibitor, with gemcitabine and radiotherapy in locally advanced pancreatic cancer . EBioMedicine , 40 : 375 - 381 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.12.060 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.12.060

Valabrega G , Scotto G , Tuninetti V , et al. , 2021 . Differences in PARP inhibitors for the treatment of ovarian cancer: mechanisms of action, pharmacology, safety, and efficacy . Int J Mol Sci , 22 ( 8 ): 4203 . https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22084203 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22084203

van den Bulk J , Verdegaal EME , de Miranda NFCC , 2018 . Cancer immunotherapy: broadening the scope of targetable tumours . Open Biol , 8 ( 6 ): 180037 . https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.180037 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.180037

Vinayak S , Tolaney SM , Schwartzberg L , et al. , 2019 . Open-label clinical trial of niraparib combined with pembrolizumab for treatment of advanced or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer . JAMA Oncol , 5 ( 8 ): 1132 - 1140 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.1029 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.1029

Vos S , van Diest PJ , Moelans CB , 2018 . A systematic review on the frequency of BRCA promoter methylation in breast and ovarian carcinomas of BRCA germline mutation carriers: mutually exclusive, or not? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol , 127 : 29 - 41 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.05.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.05.008

Wang JJ , Zhu X , Dang L , et al. , 2022 . Epigenomic reprogramming via HRP2-MINA dictates response to proteasome inhibitors in multiple myeloma with t(4;14) translocation . J Clin Invest , 132 ( 4 ): e149526 . https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI149526 https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI149526

Wang L , Yang CY , Xie CY , et al. , 2019 . Pharmacologic characterization of fluzoparib, a novel poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor undergoing clinical trials . Cancer Sci , 110 ( 3 ): 1064 - 1075 . https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.13947 https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.13947

Wang ML , Wu WZ , Wu WQ , et al. , 2006 . PARP-1 and Ku compete for repair of DNA double strand breaks by distinct NHEJ pathways . Nucleic Acids Res , 34 ( 21 ): 6170 - 6182 . https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkl840 https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkl840

Xia MY , Guo ZG , Hu ZG , 2021 . The role of PARP inhibitors in the treatment of prostate cancer: recent advances in clinical trials . Biomolecules , 11 ( 5 ): 722 . https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11050722 https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11050722

Yarchoan M , Hopkins A , Jaffee EM , 2017 . Tumor mutational burden and response rate to PD-1 inhibition . N Engl J Med , 377 ( 25 ): 2500 - 2501 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1713444 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1713444

Yusoh NA , Ahmad H , Gill MR , 2020 . Combining PARP inhib ition with platinum, ruthenium or gold complexes for cancer therapy. ChemMedChem , 15 ( 22 ): 2121 - 2135 . https://doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.202000391 https://doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.202000391

Zhang JH , Stevens MFG , Bradshaw TD , 2012 . Temozolomide: mechanisms of action, repair and resistance . Curr Mol Pharmacol , 5 ( 1 ): 102 - 114 . https://doi.org/10.2174/1874467211205010102 https://doi.org/10.2174/1874467211205010102

Zhao Q , Lan TL , Su S , et al. , 2019 . Induction of apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by a PARP1-targeting PROTAC small molecule . Chem Commun , 55 ( 3 ): 369 - 372 . https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CC07813K https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CC07813K

浏览量

Downloads

CSCD

工具集

关联资源

Spatial transcriptome analysis of long non-coding RNAs reveals tissue specificity and functional roles in cancer

Translationally controlled tumor protein: the mediator promoting cancer invasion and migration and its potential clinical prospects

Basophils as a potential therapeutic target in cancer

CRISPR/Cas: a Nobel Prize award-winning precise genome editing technology for gene therapy and crop improvement

Roles of PTBP1 in alternative splicing, glycolysis, and oncogensis