Relationship between hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome

Relationship between hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome first-author †E-mail:cly0906@163.comfangli.zheng@163.com †E-mail:cly0906@163.comfangli.zheng@163.com cly0906@163.com corresp ‡Corresponding Author ‡Corresponding Author †E-mail:cly0906@163.comfangli.zheng@163.com †E-mail:cly0906@163.comfangli.zheng@163.com cly0906@163.com Department of Family Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China Department of Family Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China Objective: 2 To investigate the relationship between metabolic syndrome and hyperuricemia. Methods: 2 A total of 2 374 subjects who received health examination in our hospital from Jan. 2004 to Dec. 2006 were enrolled in our study. Hyperuricemia is defined as ≥7 mg/dl (in men) or ≥6.0 mg/dl (in women). Metabolic syndrome was defined using AHA/NHLBI (American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute) criteria. Results: 2 (1) The overall prevalence of hyperuricemia was 13.10%. The condition was more common in men than in women (19.07% vs 3.42%). (2) Among men, uric acid concentration is statistically significantly positively correlated with waist circumference, blood pressure, and triglyceride. Uric acid is negatively correlated with serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). Uric acid concentration is most strongly correlated with serum triglyceride ( r =0.379) and waist circumference ( r =0.297). Among women, statistically significant positive correlations were noted for the serum uric acid concentrations with waist circumference, triglyceride and fasting plasma glucose. Serum triglyceride ( r =0.329) and waist circumference ( r =0.234) are most strongly correlated with uric acid concentrations. (3) Men with hyperuricemia had a 1.634-fold increased risk of metabolic syndrome as compared with those without hyperuricemia [odds ratio ( OR )=1.634, P =0.000]. Women with hyperuricemia had a 1.626-fold increased risk of metabolic syndrome ( OR =1.626, P =0.000) as compared with those without hyperuricemia. Conclusion: 2 Hyperuricemia is prevalent among Chinese population. Additionally, serum uric acid is positively associated with metabolic syndrome. Hyperuricemia Metabolic syndrome Triglyceride INTRODUCTION 1 The prevalence of hyperuricemia has been increasing in recent years, not only in advanced countries but also in developing countries, along with the development of their economies. It has been suggested that hyperuricemia is associated with metabolic syndrome (Nakagawa et al., 2006 2006 ; Conen et al., 2004 2004 ). However, very little progress has been made in China. Little information is available concerning the prevalence of hyperuricemia and its association with metabolic syndrome. Our objective in this study was to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with hyperuricemia and the association between uric acid levels and the various metabolic syndrome components in our country. MATERIALS AND METHODS 1 Subject 2 The research covered 2 374 persons (1 468 men and 906 women) who received general health examination in our hospital from Jan. 2004 to Dec. 2006. Subjects who were taking antihypertensive or antidiabetic agents, lipid-lowering agents and hypouricemic agents were excluded. Participants were asked to take a vegetable diet in the three days before they received examination. Measurement methods: To measure waist circumference, locating top of right iliac crest. Place a measuring tape in a horizontal plane around abdomen at level of iliac crest. Before reading tape measure, ensure that the tape is snug but does not compress the skin and is parallel to floor. Measurement is made at the end of a normal expiration (Grundy et al., 2005 2005 ). Blood pressure was measured using a sphygmomanometer after the subjects had rested for more than 5 min. For those with a systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg (defined as hypertension by the 2003 JNC-7), blood pressure was measured on a further 2 occasions after resting, and average values were then taken (Himmelmann et al., 2003 2003 ). Laboratory analyses: Participants provided an overnight fasting venous blood sample. Serum samples were used to determine participants’ lipid profiles and fasting blood glucose using an automatic analyzer (Advia 1650, Bayer, Germany). Serum triglyceride concentration was determined by standardized enzymatic procedures using glycerol phosphate oxidase assay. High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was measured by a chemical precipitation technique using dextran sulfate. Fasting plasma glucose was measured using the hexakinase method. Serum uric acid concentrations were measured using the uricase EMST method (Hitachi 747 automatic analyzer, Hitachi, Japan). Diagnosis criteria 2 1. Hyperuricemia is defined as serum uric acid level ≥7 mg/dl (in men) or ≥6.0 mg/dl (in women) (Hochberg et al., 2003 2003 ). 2. We assessed metabolic syndrome according to AHA/NHLBI criteria. The presence of metabolic syndrome was defined as those patients having ≥3 of the following 5 items: (1) waist circumference ≥90 cm for males (≥80 cm for females); (2) serum triglyceride levels ≥150 mg/dl or on drug treatment for elevated triglycerides; (3) serum HDL-C levels < 40 mg/dl for males ( < 50 mg/dl for females), or on drug treatment for reduced HDL-C; (4) systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mmHg or antihypertensive drug treatment in a patient with a history of hypertension; (5) fasting blood glucose ≥110 mg/dl or on drug treatment for elevated glucose (Grundy et al., 2005 2005 ). Statistical analysis 2 Descriptive data is described as mean± SD , comparisons between the quantitative data were done by t -tests and categorical variables were done by chi-square tests. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by multiple comparisons with the LSD test was used to evaluate the differences by age groups. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were obtained for each of the metabolic syndrome components and the respective uric acid concentration. Fasting plasma glucose and triglyceride were skewed and were normalized by logarithmic transformation in all analyses. Logistic regression procedures were used to examine the risks of having metabolic syndrome. All analyses were completed separately for male and female patients. All reported P values are two tailed. Variables with P values of < 0.05 were considered significant. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (V. 13.0) software. RESULTS 1 Characteristics of study population according to hyperuricemia status 2 Some characteristics of the study population according to hyperuricemia status are shown in Table 1 1 . Men (1468) and women (906) were enrolled in our research. Men with hyperuricemia, as compared with those without the condition, were more likely to have reported smoking ( P =0.000) and exercising ( P =0.015). Women with hyperuricemia as compared with their counterparts without the condition were likely to do exercise ( P =0.000). The mean age and drinking status were not statistically significantly associated with hyperuricemia status in both men and women. Note: The data are expressed as mean± SD or n (percentage). WC: Waist circumference; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; TG: Triglyceride 2 Characteristics 3 Men ( n =1468) 3 Women ( n =906) Non-hyperuricemia ( n =1188) Hyperuricemia ( n =280) P value Non-hyperuricemia ( n =875) Hyperuricemia ( n =31) P value Age (years) 43.20±9.53 42.50±9.82 0.507 41.70±10.24 42.38±14.58 0.772 Drinking status 0.432 0.924 Never drinker 370 (31.14) 94 (33.57) 261 (29.83) 9 (29.03) Ever drinker 818 (68.86) 186 (66.43) 614 (70.17) 22 (70.97) Smoking status 0.000 0.724 Never smoker 690 (58.08) 118 (42.14) 338 (38.63) 11 (35.48) Ever smoker 498 (41.92) 162 (57.86) 537 (61.37) 20 (64.52) Exercise 0.015 0.000 Yes 480 (40.40) 91 (32.50) 536 (61.26) 9 (29.03) No 708 (59.60) 189 (67.50) 339 (38.74) 22 (70.97) WC (cm) 89.96±8.99 94.77±7.29 0.000 77.14±9.49 86.43±13.79 0.000 Hypertension 333 (28.03) 105 (37.50) 0.034 134 (15.31) 10 (32.26) 0.255 FPG (mg/dl) 97.98±25.12 96.31±10.10 0.525 94.31±16.11 101.15±12.27 0.062 TG (mg/dl) 193.53±138.14 269.10±146.46 0.003 100.53±51.33 152.63±75.59 0.000 HDL-C (mg/dl) 41.20±11.44 38.17±10.61 0.016 54.31±12.59 51.33±15.76 0.308 Prevalence of hyperuricemia by gender group 2 As shown in Table 2 2 , the overall prevalence of hyperuricemia was 13.10%. Hyperuricemia was more common in men (19.07%) than in women (3.42%) ( P =0.000). The data in the parentheses are percentage Groups Hyperuricemia Non-hyperuricemia Total Prevalence (%) P value Males 280 (90.03) 1188 (57.59) 1468 19.07 0.000 Females 31 (9.97) 875 (42.41) 906 3.42 Total 311 2063 2374 13.10 Correlation between metabolic syndrome component and uric acid concentrations 2 As shown in Table 3 3 , elevated waist circumference and high triglyceride were statistically significantly associated with higher uric acid concentration in both men and women. Men with high blood pressure and low HDL-C had higher uric acid concentrations than those without such conditions, but this association was not evident among women. There was no statistical significance between elevated fasting glucose and uric acid concentration. Note: SBP: Systolic blood press; DBP: Diastolic blood press; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol 2 3 Men 3 Women n Uric acid (mg/dl) P value n Uric acid (mg/dl) P value Waist circumference 0.000 0.000 ≥90 cm (men)/≥80 cm (women) 861 5.92±1.26 336 3.88±0.99 <90 cm (men)/<80 cm (women) 607 5.28±1.04 570 3.46±0.88 Blood pressure 0.010 0.237 SBP≥130 mmHg/DBP≥85 mmHg 726 5.77±1.28 462 3.67±0.95 SBP<130 mmHg/DBP<85 mmHg 742 5.54±1.14 444 3.56±0.93 Fasting plasma glucose 0.238 0.881 ≥110 mg/dl 164 5.51±1.14 86 3.64±1.14 <110 mg/dl 1304 5.68±1.22 820 3.61±0.92 Triglyceride 0.000 0.000 ≥150 mg/dl 796 6.01±1.25 161 4.17±1.02 <150 mg/dl 672 5.24±1.02 745 3.50±0.88 HDL-C 0.000 0.339 <40 mg/dl (men)/<50 mg/dl (women) 792 5.83±1.14 349 3.67±0.97 ≥40 mg/dl (men)/≥50 mg/dl (women) 676 5.45±1.26 557 3.58±0.93 Table 4 4 summarizes Pearson’s correlation coefficients between metabolic syndrome components and serum uric acid concentrations. Among men, uric acid concentrations were statistically significantly positively correlated with waist circumference, blood pressure, and log-transformed serum triglyceride concentrations. Uric acid was negatively correlated with serum HDL-C. Uric acid concentrations were most strongly correlated with serum triglyceride concentrations ( r =0.379) and waist circumference ( r =0.297). Among women, statistically significant positive correlations were noted for the serum uric acid concentrations with waist circumference, log-transformed triglyceride and log-transformed fasting plasma glucose concentrations. Serum triglyceride concentrations ( r =0.329) and waist circumference ( r =0.234) were most strongly correlated with uric acid concentrations. 2 2 Men 2 Women Pearson’s correlation ( r ) P value Pearson’s correlation ( r ) P value Waist circumference 0.297 0.000 0.234 0.000 Systolic blood pressure 0.077 0.037 0.052 0.265 Diastolic blood pressure 0.116 0.002 0.035 0.454 HDL-cholesterol −0.159 0.000 0.015 0.746 Log-transformed triglyceride 0.379 0.000 0.329 0.000 Log-transformed fasting plasma glucose −0.001 0.987 0.098 0.037 Risk of metabolic syndrome according to uric acid concentration 2 We used binary logistic regression procedures to evaluate the relative risk of metabolic syndrome in relation to serum uric acid concentration in men and women, respectively. As shown in Table 5 5 , we noted that men with hyperuricemia had a 1.634-fold increased risk of metabolic syndrome as compared with men without hyperuricemia [odds ratio ( OR )=1.634, P =0.000]. Women with hyperuricemia had a 1.626-fold increased risk of metabolic syndrome ( OR =1.626, P =0.000) as compared with those without hyperuricemia. B S.E. Wald df Sig. Exp( B ) Uric acid (men) 0.491 0.073 45.843 1 0.000 1.634 Uric acid (women) 0.486 0.108 20.179 1 0.000 1.626 DISCUSSION 1 Hyperuricemia is an increasingly common medical problem not only in the advanced countries, but also in the developing countries. It has been described that hyperuricemia is associated with metabolic syndrome components (Nakagawa et al., 2006 2006 ; Conen et al., 2004 2004 ; Schachter, 2005 2005 ), such as obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and hypertension. The incidence of hyperuricemia has rarely been investigated in China up to the time. The purpose of our study was to investigate the prevalence of hyperuricemia and the association between uric acid levels and the various metabolic syndrome components. Obesity is one component of metabolic syndrome. Matsuura et al.( 1998 1998 ) and Bonora et al.( 1996 1996 ) reported that obesity and central body fat distribution were associated with hyperuricemia. In our study, we found elevated waist circumference to be at greater risk of having hyperuricemia, which is in line with Feig and Johnson ( 2003 2003 )’s research. Researchers conducted studies to evaluate the relationship between leptin (gene production of obesity) and the cluster of hyperuricemia in order to clarify the pathogenic mechanisms associating obesity with hyperuricemia. They found that the serum uric acid concentration is independently associated with the serum leptin concentration (Bedir et al., 2003 2003 ; Fruehwald-Schultes et al., 1999 1999 ). It was suggested that leptin could be a pathogenic factor responsible for hyperuricemia in obese patients. In our research the data indicated that serum triglyceride was markedly associated with hyperuricemia. Conen et al.( 2004 2004 ) and Schachter ( 2005 2005 ) showed the same results. Hyperuricemia and hypertriglyceridemia are suggested to be associated with insulin resistance syndrome (Tai et al., 1999 1999 ; Bo et al., 2001 2001 ; Bosello and Zamboni, 2000 2000 ), and many investigators are studying the mechanisms of the emergence of this syndrome. The association between insulin resistance syndrome, hyperuricemia, and hypertriglyceridemia are complicated. This might be expected from the fact that uric acid production is linked to glycolysis and that glycolysis is controlled by insulin. Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PPRP) is an important metabolite in this respect. Its availability depends on ribose-5-phosphate (R-5-P), the production of which is governed by glycolytic flux. Diversion of glycolytic intermediates toward R-5-P, PPRP, and uric acid will follow if there is diminished activity of GA3PDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), which is regulated by insulin. Serum triglyceride concentrations may also increase, as might be expected from accumulation of glycerol-3-phosphate. Thus, intrinsic defects in GA3PDH and a loss of its responsiveness to insulin, by causing accumulation of glycolytic intermediates, may explain the association between insulin resistance, hyperuricemia, and hypertriglyceridemia (Leyva et al., 1998 1998 ). It was shown in our study that uric acid was negatively correlated with serum HDL-C, but this association was not evident among women. This founding was consistent with Rho et al.( 2005 2005 )’s research. The mechanisms of this condition may due to the relationship between decreased HDL-C levels and insulin resistance syndrome (Schmidt et al., 1996 1996 ). Serum uric acid concentration was found to independently correlate with hypertension (Yoo et al., 2005 2005 ; Feig and Johnson, 2003 2003 ). A study done by Krishnan et al.( 2007 2007 ) found that men with hyperuricemia had more risk for incident hypertension. Each unit increase in serum uric acid was associated with a 9% increase in the risk for incident hypertension. Although the mechanism by which uric acid plays a pathogenetic role in hypertension was unclear, hyperuricemia is associated with deleterious effects on endothelial function, platelet adhesion and aggregation, or oxidative metabolism (Alderman and Redfern, 2004 2004 ). It has been suggested that uric acid may play a role in the pathogenesis of early-onset hypertension (Schachter, 2005 2005 ). In our research, it was found that uric acid concentration was statistically significantly positively correlated with blood pressure among men, but this association did not evident among women. Yoo et al.( 2005 2005 ) and Becker and Jolly ( 2006 2006 ) reported that hyperglycemia was a remarkable risk factor for hyperuricemia. In a study of 3 681 Japanese adult, it was found that an elevation of serum uric acid concentration in males increased the risk of type 2 diabetes (Nakanishi et al., 2003 2003 ). It was concluded that hyperuricemia was positively associated with hyperglycemia. Insulin resistance may be the linking between them (Yoo et al., 2005 2005 ), but we found there was not statistically significance between elevated fasting glucose and uric acid concentration. Statistically significant positive correlation was noted for serum uric acid concentration with log-transformed fasting plasma glucose only in women. The reasons have not been clearly defined. Further studies should be done in this area. We found that the incidence of hyperuricemia in males was 19.07%, which is much higher than that in females (3.42%). This result was in line with Conen et al.( 2004 2004 )’s research. 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FANG for assistance with project management. 10.1631/jzus.2007.B0593 Project supported by the Health Promotion Center in Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, China 2007-01-16 2007-05-22 2022-01-05 Copyright © 2007, Journal of Zhejiang University Science 2007 Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B (Biomedicine and Biotechnology) 08 08