Latest Issue
Volume 25 ， Issue 12 ， 2024
- Abstract：Crop production currently relies on the widespread use of agrochemicals to ensure food security. This practice is considered unsustainable, yet has no viable alternative at present. The plant microbiota can fulfil various functions for its host, some of which could be the basis for developing sustainable protection and fertilization strategies for plants without relying on chemicals. To harness such functions, a detailed understanding of plant‒microbe and microbe‒microbe interactions is necessary. Among interactions within the plant microbiota, those between bacteria are the most common ones; they are not only of ecological importance but also essential for maintaining the health and productivity of the host plants. This review focuses on recent literature in this field and highlights various consequences of bacteria‒bacteria interactions under different agricultural settings. In addition, the molecular and genetic backgrounds of bacteria that facilitate such interactions are emphasized. Representative examples of commonly found bacterial metabolites with bioactive properties, as well as their modes of action, are given. Integrating our understanding of various binary interactions into complex models that encompass the entire microbiota will benefit future developments in agriculture and beyond, which could be further facilitated by artificial intelligence-based technologies.Keywords：Plant microbiome;Bacteria‒bacteria interaction;Plant pathogen;Crop production;Molecular interaction10|52|0Published：2024-12-27
- Abstract：Stress has been considered as a major risk factor for depressive disorders, triggering depression onset via inducing persistent dysfunctions in specialized brain regions and neural circuits. Among various regions across the brain, the lateral habenula (LHb) serves as a critical hub for processing aversive information during the dynamic process of stress accumulation, thus having been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression. LHb neurons integrate aversive valence conveyed by distinct upstream inputs, many of which selectively innervate the medial part (LHbM) or lateral part (LHbL) of LHb. LHb subregions also separately assign aversive valence via dissociable projections to the downstream targets in the midbrain which provides feedback loops. Despite these strides, the spatiotemporal dynamics of LHb-centric neural circuits remain elusive during the progression of depression-like state under stress. In this review, we attempt to describe a framework in which LHb orchestrates aversive valence via the input-output specific neuronal architecture. Notably, a physiological form of Hebbian plasticity in LHb under multiple stressors has been unveiled to incubate neuronal hyperactivity in an input-specific manner, which causally encodes chronic stress experience and drives depression onset. Collectively, the recent progress and future efforts in elucidating LHb circuits shed light on early interventions and circuit-specific antidepressant therapies.Keywords：Lateral habenula;Neural circuits;Aversion;Stress dynamics;Depression-like state;Head-to-head comparison11|47|0Published：2024-12-27
Review
- Abstract：Autophagy plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis in response to various stimuli. Compared to research on nutrient deprivation-induced autophagy, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms and physiological/pathological significance of autophagy triggered by energy deprivation remains limited. A primary focus of our lab is to elucidate how cells sense energy deprivation and initiate autophagy. Using the model organisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammalian cells, we found that cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage sensor Mec1, and mitochondrial aerobic respiration play essential roles in the autophagy induced by energy deprivation. This review aims to provide a concise overview of these research findings.Keywords：Autophagy;Glucose starvation;Solid aggrephagy;Chaperonin-containing TCP-1, subunit 2 (CCT2)7|65|0Published：2024-12-27
Mini Review
- Abstract：In light of the lack of reliable molecular markers for odontogenic myxoma (OM), the detection of copy number variation (CNV) may present a more objective method for assessing ambiguous cases. In this study, we employed multiregional microdissection sequencing to integrate morphological features with genomic profiling. This allowed us to reveal the CNV profiles of OM and compare them with dental papilla (DP), dental follicle (DF), and odontogenic fibroma (OF) tissues. We identified a distinct and robustly consistent CNV pattern in 93.75% (30/32) of OM cases, characterized by CNV gain events in chromosomes 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 16, 17, 20, and 21. This pattern significantly differed from the CNV patterns observed in DP, DF, and OF. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated potential links between this CNV patterns and the calcium signaling pathway and salivary secretion, while Gene Ontology (GO) term analysis implicated CNV patterns in tumor adhesion, tooth development, and cell proliferation. Comprehensive CNV analysis accurately identified a case that was initially disputable between OF and OM as OM. Our findings provide a reliable diagnostic clue and fresh insights into the molecular biological mechanism underlying OM.Keywords：Odontogenic myxoma;Copy number variation;Odontogenic fibroma;Odontogenic fibromyxoma;Diagnostic marker1|0|0Published：2024-12-27
- Abstract：The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system, belonging to the type II CRISPR/Cas system, is an effective gene-editing tool widely used in different organisms, but the size of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) is quite large (4.3 kb), which is not convenient for vector delivery. In this study, we used a codon-optimized Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9) system to edit the tyrosinase (tyr), oculocutaneous albinism II (oca2), and paired box 6.1 (pax6.1) genes in the fish model medaka (Oryzias latipes), in which the size of SaCas9 (3.3 kb) is much smaller and the necessary protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) sequence is 5'-NNGRRT-3'. We also used a transfer RNA (tRNA)-single-guide RNA (sgRNA) system to express the functional sgRNA by transcription either in vivo or in vitro, and the combination of SaCas9 and tRNA-sgRNA was used to edit the tyr gene in the medaka genome. The SaCas9/sgRNA and SaCas9/tRNA-sgRNA systems were shown to edit the medaka genome effectively, while the PAM sequence is an essential part for the efficiency of editing. Besides, tRNA can improve the flexibility of the system by enabling the sgRNA to be controlled by a common promoter such as cytomegalovirus. Moreover, the all-in-one cassette cytomegalovirus (CMV)-SaCas9-tRNA-sgRNA-tRNA is functional in medaka gene editing. Taken together, the codon-optimized SaCas9 system provides an alternative and smaller tool to edit the medaka genome and potentially other fish genomes.Keywords：Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9);Medaka;Transfer RNA (tRNA);Gene editing;Tyrosinase (tyr);Oculocutaneous albinism II (oca2);Paired box 6.1 (pax6.1)0|0|0Published：2024-12-27
- Abstract：Multilayer paper-based cell culture, as an in vitro three-dimensional (3D) cell culture method, has been frequently used to research drug bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy, and dose-limiting toxicity in malignant tumors. This paper proposes a heterogenous multilayer paper stacking co-culture system to establish a model of natural killer (NK) cells moving through the endothelium layer and attacking tumor spheroids. This system consists of three layers: a bottom tumor-spheroid layer, a middle invasion layer, and a top endothelium layer. NK-92 cells were placed in the supernatant on top of the three layers. After two days of co-culture, the attack of tumor spheroids by NK cells was observed. We additionally examined the infiltration of NK-92 cells within the tumor spheroids at different Z-axis depths using a confocal microscope, and the results suggested that the system successfully realizes NK cells traveling cross the endothelium layer to form tumor-infiltrating NK cells (TINKs). The potential application of multilayer paper for co-culture models involving cancer cells and immune cells holds great promise for exploring the interaction dynamics of these two cell types.Keywords：Multilayer paper stack;Co-culture;Tumor spheroid;Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC);Natural killer cell (NK cell);Migration1|0|0Published：2024-12-27
Research Article
- Abstract：多发性硬化症是中枢神经系统的主要脱髓鞘疾病，目前尚无有效治疗方法。本研究探讨了颅骨间充质干细胞（cBMMSC）和Olig2+单克隆来源cBMMSC（sc-cBMMSC）在双环己酮草酰二腙（CPZ）诱导的中枢神经系统脱髓鞘小鼠模型中的作用。通过尾静脉输注cBMMSC和Olig2+ sc-cBMMSC，剂量为1×106个细胞每100微升磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS），每周一次，给药两周。治疗完成一周后，对每组小鼠进行相关指标评估。结果表明，cBMMSC移植可显著提高CPZ诱导的脱髓鞘小鼠在转棒、悬挂和水迷宫试验中的能力；抑制小鼠外周血和中枢神经系统中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6等炎症因子的水平；此外，小鼠病理结构也得到改善，具体表现在髓鞘得到显著恢复，以及Olig2和Syn表达增加。值得注意的是，与cBMMSC相比，Olig2+ sc-cBMMSC更为显著地改善了CPZ动物的行为学、髓鞘修复和神经细胞再生。这些发现表明，颅骨髓来源的干细胞在脱髓鞘中具有修复作用，这可能归因于其对少突胶质细胞的免疫调节和保护。Olig2+ sc-cBMMSC移植效果更为显著，进一步证实了间充质干细胞的异质性应被考虑和利用以提高对特定疾病的治疗效果。4|10|0Published：2024-12-27
- Abstract：神经退行性疾病作为中枢神经系统的遗传性疾病，其主要特征是错误折叠的蛋白质聚集体在大脑神经元中缓慢积累。虽然自噬在降解蛋白质聚集体中发挥着至关重要的作用，但目前尚无有效且广泛适用的方法来降解哺乳动物细胞中的蛋白质聚集体。最新研究表明，合成的自噬受体启发的靶向嵌合体（AceTAC）作为降解剂可将选择性自噬受体-p62的LC3相互作用区（LIR）结构域与抗体结合，AceTAC降解剂可选择性靶向分解不同的蛋白质聚集体（例如mHTT、TDP-43和Tau）。此外，这些降解剂可靶向包括线粒体、过氧化物酶体和内质网在内的细胞器。综上，基于自噬的靶向降解剂AceTAC可作为一种有效治疗神经退行性疾病的新方法。8|21|0Published：2024-12-27
- Abstract：硫酸铜中毒虽然比较罕见，但却能导致包括胃肠道损伤、溶血、高铁血红蛋白血症、横纹肌溶解，甚至多器官功能障碍在内的多种严重症状。目前的研究缺乏对硫酸铜毒性长期后遗症的探索。本病例报告介绍了一名17岁女性患者，在口服大量硫酸铜溶液后，先后出现了剧烈呕吐、腹部疼痛、溶血、高铁血红蛋白血症及多器官功能障碍的症状。主要的治疗措施包括洗胃、血浆置换、持续肾脏替代治疗以及支持性治疗。尽管经过及时抢救，该患者急性毒性反应得到有效控制，但患者出现了难以控制的高血糖，并需长期使用胰岛素治疗。本病例强调了对硫酸铜中毒患者长期并发症监测的重要性。0|0|0Published：2024-12-27
Correspondence
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