A practice guideline for therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid for solid organ transplants

Shuang LIU; Hongsheng CHEN; Zaiwei SONG; Qi GUO; Xianglin ZHANG; Bingyi SHI; Suodi ZHAI; Lingli ZHANG; Liyan MIAO; Liyan CUI; Xiao CHEN; Yalin DONG; Weihong GE; Xiaofei HOU; Ling JIANG; Long LIU; Lihong LIU; Maobai LIU; Tao LIN; Xiaoyang LU; Lulin MA; Changxi WANG; Jianyong WU; Wei WANG; Zhuo WANG; Ting XU; Wujun XUE; Bikui ZHANG; Guanren ZHAO; Jun ZHANG; Limei ZHAO; Qingchun ZHAO; Xiaojian ZHANG; Yi ZHANG; Yu ZHANG; Rongsheng ZHAO

doi:10.1631/jzus.B2400069

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

A practice guideline for therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid for solid organ transplants

Scan QR Code

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Research Article | Updated：2025-09-22

A practice guideline for therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid for solid organ transplants
A practice guideline for therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid for solid organ transplants
实体器官移植霉酚酸治疗药物监测循证指南
Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B (Biomedicine & Biotechnology) Vol. 26, Issue 9, Pages: 897-914(2025)
Affiliations：

1.Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
2.Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
3.Kidney Transplant Quality Control Center of National Health Commission, The 8th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital,, Beijing 100000, China
4.Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
5.Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
6.Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
7.Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
8.8Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
9.Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
10.Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
11.1Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
12.Department of Urology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110003, China
13.Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
14.Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
15.5Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
16.Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
17.7Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
18.8Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
19.9Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital Affiliated to Army Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
20.0Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
21.Department of Renal Transplantation, Nephropathy Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
22.Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
23.Department of Pharmacy, The 8th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100000, China
24.Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
25.Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
26.6Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110003, China
27.7Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
28.Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
29.Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
Funds：
DOI：10.1631/jzus.B2400069
CLC：
CSTR：
Received：08 February 2024，

Revised：2024-07-08，

Published Online：08 August 2025，

Published：20 September 2025
Accepted：

刘爽,陈鸿圣,宋再伟等.实体器官移植霉酚酸治疗药物监测循证指南[J].浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）,2025,26(09):897-914.

Shuang LIU, Hongsheng CHEN, Zaiwei SONG, et al. A practice guideline for therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid for solid organ transplants[J]. Journal of zhejiang university-science b (biomedicine & biotechnology), 2025, 26(9): 897-914.
刘爽,陈鸿圣,宋再伟等.实体器官移植霉酚酸治疗药物监测循证指南[J].浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）,2025,26(09):897-914. DOI： 10.1631/jzus.B2400069.

Shuang LIU, Hongsheng CHEN, Zaiwei SONG, et al. A practice guideline for therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid for solid organ transplants[J]. Journal of zhejiang university-science b (biomedicine & biotechnology), 2025, 26(9): 897-914. DOI： 10.1631/jzus.B2400069.

摘要

霉酚酸（mycophenolic acid，MPA）类药物是实体器官移植维持期治疗中常用的免疫抑制剂，具有重要的临床意义。由于在体内代谢存在显著的个体间及个体内差异，开展治疗药物监测（therapeutic drug monitoring，TDM）有助于MPA的个体化合理应用，充分发挥其免疫抑制效应。然而，目前国内外实体器官移植的权威指南尚未提供MPA TDM的相关循证建议。本研究旨在基于循证方法制定MPA TDM指南，为临床合理应用MPA类药物提供指导。通过采用美国国家医学院（IOM）最新指南定义，并基于世界卫生组织（WHO）指南制定基本原则和方法，本研究制定指南计划书并在国际实践指南注册平台进行注册（注册号为IPGRP-2020CN099）。经德尔菲法确定指南纳入的临床问题及结局指标，开展系统评价制定指南临床问题的循证证据，结合GRADE证据质量评价、专家意见及患者意愿与价值观，由外审专家评审后，最终形成指南推荐意见。MPA TDM循证指南共形成4个部分16条推荐意见，涉及目标人群、监测指标、检测方法、剂量方案及浓度影响因素。指南进一步明确了MPA TDM高危人群定义、MPA采样时间、监测指标曲线下面积（AUC）与谷浓度（C0）比较、目标浓度范围、监测频率及检测方法比较。此外，指南还基于不同制剂比较、初始剂量方案确定、特殊人群个体化方案调整、体重因素、基因多态性及药物相互作用等方面，对MPA类药物的合理应用提供了循证建议。开展MPA TDM时，建议结合患者个体化特征进行综合评估，并根据患者的药物暴露和临床反应进行剂量调整。基于最新循证证据、专家经验及患者意愿制定的MPA TDM指南，为实体器官移植受者接受MPA类药物治疗提供了更为全面和详细的指导，有助于推动MPA TDM在临床实践中的规范化和标准化，从而提高移植受者的治疗效果和安全性。

Abstract

Mycophenolic acid (MPA)

the active moiety of both mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS)

serves as a primary immunosuppressant for maintaining s

olid organ transplants. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) enhances treatment outcomes through tailored approaches. This study aimed to develop an evidence-based guideline for MPA TDM

facilitating its rational application in clinical settings. The guideline plan was drawn from the Institute of Medicine and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Using the Delphi method

clinical questions and outcome indicators were generated. Systematic reviews

Grading of Recommendations Assessment

Development

and Evaluation (GRADE) evidence quality evaluations

expert opinions

and patient values guided evidence-based suggestions for the guideline. External reviews further refined the recommendations. The guideline for the TDM of MPA (IPGRP-2020CN099) consists of four sections and 16 recommendations encompassing target populations

monitoring strategies

dosage regimens

and influencing factors. High-risk populations

timing of TDM

area under the curve (AUC) versus trough concentration (

)

target concentration ranges

monitoring frequency

and analytical methods are addressed. Formulation-specific recommendations

initial dosage regimens

populations with unique considerations

pharmacokinetic-informed dosing

body weight factors

pharmacogenetics

and drug‍–‍drug interactions are covered. The evidence-based guideline offers a comprehensive recommendation for solid organ transplant recipients undergoing MPA therapy

promoting standardization of MPA TDM

and enhancing treatment efficacy and safety.

关键词

Keywords

references

Arns W , Breuer S , Choudhury S , et al. , 2005 . Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium delivers bioequivalent MPA exposure compared with mycophenolate mofetil . Clin Transplant , 19 ( 2 ): 199 - 206 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0012.2004.00318.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0012.2004.00318.x

Bai F , Ling J , Esoimeme G , et al. , 2018 . A systematic review of questionnaires about patient’s values and preferences in clinical practice guidelines . Patient Prefer Adherence , 12 : 2309 - 2323 . https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S177540 https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S177540

Balshem H , Helfand M , Schünemann HJ , et al. , 2011 . GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence . J Clin Epidemiol , 64 ( 4 ): 401 - 406 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015

Beal JL , Jones CE , Taylor PJ , et al. , 1998 . Evaluation of an immunoassay (EMIT) for mycophenolic acid in plasma from renal transplant recipients compared with a high-performance liquid chromatography assay . Ther Drug Monit , 20 ( 6 ): 685 - 690 . https://doi.org/10.1097/00007691-199812000-00019 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007691-199812000-00019

Behrend M , 2001 . Mycophenolate mofetil: suggested guidelines for use in kidney transplantation . BioDrugs , 15 ( 1 ): 37 - 53 . https://doi.org/10.2165/00063030-200115010-00004 https://doi.org/10.2165/00063030-200115010-00004

Behrend M , Braun F , 2005 . Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium: tolerability profile compared with mycophenolate mofetil . Drugs , 65 ( 8 ): 1037 - 1050 . https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200565080-00001 https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200565080-00001

Bergan S , Brunet M , Hesselink DA , et al. , 2021 . Personalized therapy for mycophenolate: consensus report by the International Association of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology . Ther Drug Monit , 43 ( 2 ):‍ 150 - 200 . https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000000871 https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000000871

Blanchet B , Taieb F , Conti F , et al. , 2008 . Comparison of a new enzymatic assay with a high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet detection method for therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid in adult liver transplant recipients . Liver Transpl , 14 ( 12 ):‍ 1745 - 1751 . https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.21607 https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.21607

Brouwers MC , Kho ME , Browman GP , et al. , 2010 . AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care . CMAJ , 182 ( 18 ): E839 - E842 . https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.090449 https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.090449

Brown NW , Franklin ME , Einarsdottir EN , et al. , 2010 . An investigation into the bias between liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and an enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique for the measurement of mycophenolic acid . Ther Drug Monit , 32 ( 4 ): 420 - 426 . https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181e6b348 https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181e6b348

Budde K , Curtis J , Knoll G , et al. , 2004 . Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium can be safely administered in maintenance renal transplant patients: results of a 1-year study . Am J Transplant , 4 ( 2 ): 237 - 243 . https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1600-6143.2003.00321.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1600-6143.2003.00321.x

Cai MY , Zhou L , Gao DH , et al. , 2023 . A national survey of individualized pharmaceutical care practice in Chinese hospitals in 2019 . Front Pharmacol , 14 : 1022134 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1022134 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1022134

Capone D , Tarantino G , Kadilli I , et al. , 2011 . Evalutation of mycophenolic acid systemic exposure by limited sampling strategy in kidney transplant recipients receiving enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) and cyclosporine . Nephrol Dial Transplant , 26 ( 9 ): 3019 - 3025 . https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfq819 https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfq819

Caragata R , Wyssusek KH , Kruger P , 2016 . Acute kidney injury following liver transplantation: a systematic review of published predictive models . Anaesth Intensive Care , 44 ( 2 ): 251 - 261 . https://doi.org/10.1177/0310057X1604400212 https://doi.org/10.1177/0310057X1604400212

Cattaneo D , Cortinovis M , Baldelli S , et al. , 2007 . Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolate sodium and comparison with the mofetil formulation in stable kidney transplant recipients . Clin J Am Soc Nephrol , 2 ( 6 ): 1147 - 1155 . https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.02820707 https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.02820707

Chakrabarti K , Frame D , al Abbas M , et al. , 2021 . The use of mycophenolate mofetil area under the curve . Curr Opin Rheumatol , 33 ( 3 ): 221 - 232 . https://doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0000000000000799 https://doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0000000000000799

Chen YL , Yang KH , Marušic A , et al. , 2017 . A reporting tool for practice guidelines in health care: the RIGHT statement . Ann Intern Med , 166 ( 2 ): 128 - 132 . https://doi.org/10.7326/M16-1565 https://doi.org/10.7326/M16-1565

Ciancio G , Gaynor JJ , Zarak A , et al. , 2011 . Randomized trial of mycophenolate mofetil versus enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in primary renal transplantation with tacrolimus and steroid avoidance: four-year analysis . Transplantation , 91 ( 11 ): 1198 - 1205 . https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e3182003d76 https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e3182003d76

Cooper M , Deering KL , Slakey DP , et al. , 2009 . Comparing outcomes associated with dose manipulations of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium versus mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant recipients . Transplantation , 88 ( 4 ): 514 - 520 . https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e3181b0e65e https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e3181b0e65e

Cusumano JA , Klinker KP , Huttner A , et al. , 2020 . Towards precision medicine: therapeutic drug monitoring-guided dosing of vancomycin and β‍-lactam antibiotics to maximize effectiveness and minimize toxicity . Am J Health Syst Pharm , 77 ( 14 ): 1104 - 1112 . https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxaa128 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxaa128

Dasgupta A , Johnson M , 2013 . Positive bias in mycophenolic acid concentrations determined by the CEDIA assay compared to HPLC-UV method: is CEDIA assay suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid? J Clin Lab Anal , 27 ( 1 ): 77 - 80 . https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.21565 https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.21565

de Winter BCM , van Gelder T , Mathot RAA , et al. , 2009 . Limited sampling strategies drawn within 3 hours postdose poorly predict mycophenolic acid area-under-the-curve after enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium . Ther Drug Monit , 31 ( 5 ): 585 - 591 . https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181b8679a https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181b8679a

de Winter BCM , Mathot RAA , Sombogaard F , et al. , 2011 . Nonlinear relationship between mycophenolate mofetil dose and mycophenolic acid exposure: implications for therapeutic drug monitoring . Clin J Am Soc Nephrol , 6 ( 3 ): 656 - 663 . https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.05440610 https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.05440610

Denewar AA , Mohamed EM , Ismael MIM , et al. , 2021 . Impact of therapeutic dose monitoring of mycophenolic acid on the outcome of live-donor kidney transplant recipients‍–a prospective controlled study . Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl , 32 ( 1 ): 128 - 136 . https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-2442.318514 https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-2442.318514

Dewidar O , Lotfi T , Langendam MW , et al. , 2023 . Good or best practice statements: proposal for the operationalisation and implementation of GRADE guidance . BMJ Evid Based Med , 28 ( 3 ): 189 - 196 . https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2022-111962 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2022-111962

Ding C , Xue W , Tian P , et al. , 2014 . Which is more suitable for kidney transplantation at the early post-transplantation phase in China ‍‍–‍‍ low dosing or standard dosing of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium? Int J Clin Pract , 68 : 10 - 16 . https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12401 https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12401

Dösch AO , Ehlermann P , Koch A , et al. , 2006 . A comparison of measured trough levels and abbreviated AUC estimation by limited sampling strategies for monitoring mycophenolic acid exposure in stable heart transplant patients receiving cyclosporin A-containing and cyclosporin A-free immunosuppressive regimens . Clin Ther , 28 ( 6 ): 893 - 905 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.06.015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.06.015

Dreesen E , Bossuyt P , Mulleman D , et al. , 2017 . Practical recommendations for the use of therapeutic drug monitoring of biopharmaceuticals in inflammatory diseases . Clin Pharmacol , 9 : 101 - 111 . https://doi.org/10.2147/CPAA.S138414 https://doi.org/10.2147/CPAA.S138414

Eckardt KU , Kasiske BL , Zeier MG , 2009 . Special Issue: KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the care of kidney transplant recipients . Am J Transplant , 9 ( Suppl 3 ):‍ S1 - S155 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02834.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02834.x

Ettenger R , Bartosh S , Choi L , et al. , 2005 . Pharmacokinetics of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in stable pediatric renal transplant recipients . Pediatr Transplant , 9 ( 6 ): 780 - 787 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3046.2005.00386.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3046.2005.00386.x

European Mycophenolate Mofetil Cooperative Study Group , 1995 . Placebo-controlled study of mycophenolate mofetil combined with cyclosporin and corticosteroids for prevention of acute rejection . Lancet , 345 ( 8961 ): 1321 - 1325 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92534-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92534-1

Feng JJ , Zhang LW , Zhao P , et al. , 2015 . Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium given in combination with tacrolimus has a lower incidence of serious infections in Asian renal-transplant recipients compared with mycophenolate mofetil . Int J Clin Pract , 69 : 1 - 7 . https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12660 https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12660

Ferreira PCL , Thiesen FV , Pereira AG , et al. , 2020 . A short overview on mycophenolic acid pharmacology and pharmacokinetics . Clin Transplant , 34 ( 8 ): e13997 . https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.13997 https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.13997

Flechner SM , Feng J , Mastroianni B , et al. , 2005 . The effect of 2-gram versus 1-gram concentration controlled mycophenolate mofetil on renal transplant outcomes using sirolimus-based calcineurin inhibitor drug-free immunosuppression . Transplantation , 79 ( 8 ): 926 - 934 . https://doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000155430.52845.51 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000155430.52845.51

Fu L , Huang Z , Song T , et al. , 2014 . Short-term therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid reduces infection: a prospective, single-center cohort study in Chinese living-related kidney transplantation . Transpl Infect Dis , 16 ( 5 ): 760 - 766 . https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12275 https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12275

Gaston RS , Kaplan B , Shah T , et al. , 2009 . Fixed- or controlled-dose mycophenolate mofetil with standard- or reduced-dose calcineurin inhibitors: the Opticept trial . Am J Transplant , 9 ( 7 ): 1607 - 1619 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02668.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02668.x

Glander P , Sommerer C , Arns W , et al. , 2010 . Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intensified versus standard dosing of mycophenolate sodium in renal transplant patients . Clin J Am Soc Nephrol , 5 ( 3 ): 503 - 511 . https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.06050809 https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.06050809

González-Roncero FM , Gentil MA , Brunet M , et al. , 2005 . Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolate mofetil in kidney transplant patients with renal insufficiency . Transplant Proc , 37 ( 9 ): 3749 - 3751 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.09.202 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.09.202

González-Roncero FM , Govantes MAG , Chaves VC , et al. , 2007 . Influence of renal insufficiency on pharmacokinetics of ACYL-glucuronide metabolite of mycophenolic acid in renal transplant patients . Transplant Proc , 39 ( 7 ): 2176 - 2178 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.06.063 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.06.063

Gourishankar S , Houde I , Keown PA , et al. , 2010 . The CLEAR study: a 5-day, 3-g loading dose of mycophenolate mofetil versus standard 2-g dosing in renal transplantation . Clin J Am Soc Nephrol , 5 ( 7 ): 1282 - 1289 . https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.09091209 https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.09091209

Guyatt GH , Alonso-Coello P , Schünemann HJ , et al. , 2016 . Guideline panels should seldom make good practice statements: guidance from the GRADE Working Group . J Clin Epidemiol , 80 : 3 - 7 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.07.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.07.006

Holt DW , 2002 . Monitoring mycophenolic acid . Ann Clin Biochem , 39 ( 3 ): 173 - 183 . https://doi.org/10.1258/0004563021902035 https://doi.org/10.1258/0004563021902035

Hosotsubo H , Takahara S , Imamura R , et al. , 2001 . Analytic validation of the enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique for the determination of mycophenolic acid in plasma from renal transplant recipients compared with a high-performance liquid chromatographic assay . Ther Drug Monit , 23 ( 6 ): 669 - 674 . https://doi.org/10.1097/00007691-200112000-00013 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007691-200112000-00013

Hsu CC , Sandford BA , 2007 . The Delphi technique: making sense of consensus . Pract Assess Res Eval , 12 ( 1 ): 10 . https://doi.org/10.7275/pdz9-th90 https://doi.org/10.7275/pdz9-th90

Jia YC , Peng B , Li L , et al. , 2017 . Estimation of mycophenolic acid area under the curve with limited-sampling strategy in Chinese renal transplant recipients receiving enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium . Ther Drug Monit , 39 ( 1 ): 29 - 36 . https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000000360 https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000000360

Jiang YH , Wang W , Hu XP , et al. , 2015 . Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) exposure of renal transplantation recipients in stable stage: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study . Chin J Organ Transplant , 36 ( 4 ):‍ 217 - 224 (in Chinese) . https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-1785.2015.04.007 https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-1785.2015.04.007

Jiao LZ , Ding CG , Tian PX , et al. , 2018 . Outcomes of EC-MPS combined with low-dose tacrolimus in DCD kidney transplantation for high-risk DGF recipients . J Zhejiang Univ-Sci B (Biomed & Biotechnol) , 19 ( 6 ):‍ 481 - 489 . https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1700315 https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1700315

Jung HY , Lee S , Jeon Y , et al. , 2020 . Mycophenolic acid trough concentration and dose are associated with hematologic abnormalities but not rejection in kidney transplant recipients . J Korean Med Sci , 35 ( 24 ): e185 . https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e185 https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e185

Kamar N , Marquet P , Gandia P , et al. , 2009 . Mycophenolic acid 12-hour area under the curve in de novo liver transplant patients given mycophenolate mofetil at fixed versus concentration-controlled doses . Ther Drug Monit , 31 ( 4 ): 451 - 456 . https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181aa776e https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181aa776e

Kaplan B , Gaston RS , Meier-Kriesche HU , et al. , 2010 . Mycophenolic acid exposure in high- and low-weight renal transplant patients after dosing with mycophenolate mofetil in the Opticept trial . Ther Drug Monit , 32 ( 2 ): 224 - 227 . https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181d18baa https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181d18baa

Khosroshahi HT , Shoja MM , Peyrovifar A , et al. , 2009 . Mycophenolate mofetil dose reduction in renal transplant recipients: a 5-year follow-up study . Transplant Proc , 41 ( 7 ): 2797 - 2799 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.07.036 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.07.036

Kiang TKL , Ensom MHH , 2018 . Population pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid: an update . Clin Pharmacokinet , 57 ( 5 ): 547 - 558 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-017-0593-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-017-0593-6

Kikuchi M , Tanaka M , Takasaki S , et al. , 2018 . Comparison of PETINIA and LC-MS/MS for determining plasma mycophenolic acid concentrations in Japanese lung transplant recipients . J Pharm Health Care Sci , 4 : 7 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s40780-018-0101-7 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40780-018-0101-7

Kobashigawa JA , Renlund DG , Gerosa G , et al. , 2006 . Similar efficacy and safety of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS, myfortic) compared with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in de novo heart transplant recipients: results of a 12-month, single-blind, randomized, parallel-group, multicenter study . J Heart Lung Transplant , 25 ( 8 ): 935 - 941 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2006.04.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2006.04.005

Kocak H , Yakupoglu U , Karatas GU , et al. , 2005 . Tacrolimus plus low-dose mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant recipients: better 2-year graft and patient survival than with a higher mycophenolate mofetil dose . Transplant Proc , 37 ( 7 ): 3009 - 3011 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.07.033 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.07.033

Kulabusaya B , Vadcharavivad S , Avihingsanon Y , et al. , 2019 . Early pharmacokinetics of low dosage mycophenolate exposure in Thai kidney transplant recipients . Int J Clin Pharm , 41 ( 4 ): 1047 - 1055 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-019-00848-w https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-019-00848-w

Kunicki PK , Pawiński T , Boczek A , et al. , 2015 . A comparison of the immunochemical methods, PETINIA and EMIT, with that of HPLC-UV for the routine monitoring of mycophenolic acid in heart transplant patients . Ther Drug Monit , 37 ( 3 ): 311 - 318 . https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000000151 https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000000151

Kuypers DRJ , de Jonge H , Naesens M , et al. , 2008 . Current target ranges of mycophenolic acid exposure and drug-related adverse events: a 5-year, open-label, prospective, clinical follow-up study in renal allograft recipients . Clin Ther , 30 ( 4 ): 673 - 683 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2008.04.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2008.04.014

Kuypers DRJ , le Meur Y , Cantarovich M , et al. , 2010 . Consensus report on therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid in solid organ transplantation . Clin J Am Soc Nephrol , 5 ( 2 ): 341 - 358 . https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.07111009 https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.07111009

Langone AJ , Chan L , Bolin P , et al. , 2011 . Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium versus mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant recipients experiencing gastrointestinal intolerance: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized study . Transplantation , 91 ( 4 ): 470 - 478 . https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e318205568c https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e318205568c

le Meur Y , Büchler M , Thierry A , et al. , 2007 . Individualized mycophenolate mofetil dosing based on drug exposure significantly improves patient outcomes after renal transplantation . Am J Transplant , 7 ( 11 ): 2496 - 2503 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01983.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01983.x

le Meur Y , Thierry A , Glowacki F , et al. , 2011 . Early steroid withdrawal and optimization of mycophenolic acid exposure in kidney transplant recipients receiving mycophenolate mofetil . Transplantation , 92 ( 11 ): 1244 - 1251 . https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e318234e134 https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e318234e134

Leichtman AB , 2007 . Balancing efficacy and toxicity in kidney-transplant immunosuppression . N Engl J Med , 357 ( 25 ): 2625 - 2627 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe078181 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe078181

Li J , Chen H , Yang SG , et al. , 2013 . Individualized mycophenolate mofetil therapy based on monitoring of mycophenolic acid trough level in cardiac transplant recipients . Chin J Organ Transplant , 34 ( 3 ): 139 - 143 (in Chinese) . https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-1785.2013.03.004 https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-1785.2013.03.004

Lian JP , Feng H , Fang ZY , et al. , 2017 . Research on results of plasma mycophenolic acid concentration detected by EMIT and HPLC in the patients after renal transplantation . J Mod Lab Med , 32 ( 3 ): 74 - 78 (in Chinese) . https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-7414.2017.03.020 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-7414.2017.03.020

Liu HJ , Zhang R , Li R , et al. , 2020 . Determination of mycophenolic acid in human plasma by LC-MS/MS and its correlation with EMIT . Chin J Clin Pharmacol , 36 ( 22 ): 3802 - 3806 (in Chinese) . https://doi.org/10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2020.22.054 https://doi.org/10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2020.22.054

Liu KX , Xu T , Jiang XH , 2016 . Correlations between adverse drug reactions and area under concentration-time curve of mycophenolate mofetil patients received kidney transplantation . Chin J Hosp Pharm , 36 ( 8 ): 658 - 661 (in Chinese) . https://doi.org/10.13286/j.cnki.chinhosppharmacyj.2016.08.15 https://doi.org/10.13286/j.cnki.chinhosppharmacyj.2016.08.15

Liu S , Chen HS , Guo Q , et al. , 2024 . Investigation of patients’ preferences regarding therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid in solid organ transplantation . China Pharmacy , 35 ( 1 ): 90 - 94 (in Chinese) . https://doi.org/10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2024.01.16 https://doi.org/10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2024.01.16

Lopez-Solis R , DeVera M , Steel J , et al. , 2014 . Gastrointestinal side effects in liver transplant recipients taking enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium vs. mycophenolate mofetil . Clin Transplant , 28 ( 7 ): 783 - 788 . https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.12379 https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.12379

Mendez R , 1998 . FK 506 and mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant recipients: six-month results of a multicenter, randomized dose ranging trial . Transplant Proc , 30 ( 4 ): 1287 - 1289 . https://doi.org/10.1016/s0041-1345(98)00244-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0041-1345(98)00244-9

Miura M , Niioka T , Kato S , et al. , 2011 . Monitoring of mycophenolic acid predose concentrations in the maintenance phase more than one year after renal transplantation . Ther Drug Monit , 33 ( 3 ): 295 - 302 . https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e3182197e38 https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e3182197e38

Mohammadpur AH , Nazemian F , Abtahi B , et al. , 2008 . Influence of renal graft function on mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics during the early period after kidney transplant . Exp Clin Transplant , 6 ( 4 ): 276 - 281 .

Musuamba FT , Rousseau A , Bosmans JL , et al. , 2009 . Limited sampling models and Bayesian estimation for mycophenolic acid area under the curve prediction in stable renal transplant patients co-medicated with ciclosporin or sirolimus . Clin Pharmacokinet , 48 ( 11 ): 745 - 758 . https://doi.org/10.2165/11318060-000000000-00000 https://doi.org/10.2165/11318060-000000000-00000

Musuamba FT , Mourad M , Haufroid V , et al. , 2013 . Statistical tools for dose individualization of mycophenolic acid and tacrolimus co-administered during the first month after renal transplantation . Br J Clin Pharmacol , 75 ( 5 ): 1277 - 1288 . https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12007 https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12007

Na Takuathung M , Sakuludomkan W , Koonrungsesomboon N , 2021 . The impact of genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mycophenolic acid: systematic review and meta-analysis . Clin Pharmacokinet , 60 ( 10 ): 1291 - 1302 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-021-01037-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-021-01037-7

Naffouje R , Grover P , Yu HY , et al. , 2019 . Anti-tumor potential of IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors: a century-long story . Cancers (Basel) , 11 ( 9 ): 1346 . https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11091346 https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11091346

Nelson J , Alvey N , Bowman L , et al. , 2022 . Consensus recommendations for use of maintenance immunosuppression in solid organ transplantation: endorsed by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, American Society of Transplantation, and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation . Pharmacotherapy , 42 ( 8 ):‍ 599 - 633 . https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.2716 https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.2716

Neylan JF , 1997 . Immunosuppressive therapy in high-risk transplant patients: dose-dependent efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in African-American renal allograft recipients . Transplantation , 64 ( 9 ): 1277 - 1282 . https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199711150-00008 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199711150-00008

Pawinski T , Kunicki PK , Sobieszczanska-Malek M , et al. , 2009 . A limited sampling strategy for estimating mycophenolic acid area under the curve in adult heart transplant patients treated with concomitant cyclosporine . J Clin Pharm Ther , 34 ( 1 ): 89 - 101 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2710.2008.00973.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2710.2008.00973.x

Pawinski T , Luszczynska P , Durlik M , et al. , 2013 . Development and validation of limited sampling strategies for the estimation of mycophenolic acid area under the curve in adult kidney and liver transplant recipients receiving concomitant enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium and tacrolimus . Ther Drug Monit , 35 ( 6 ): 760 - 769 . https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e31829b88f5 https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e31829b88f5

Peng WH , Liu GJ , Huang HF , et al. , 2018 . Short-term intensified dosage regimen of mycophenolic acid is associated with less acute rejection in kidney transplantation from donation after circulatory death . Urol Int , 101 ( 4 ): 443 - 449 . https://doi.org/10.1159/000494361 https://doi.org/10.1159/000494361

Prémaud A , Rousseau A , le Meur Y , et al. , 2004 . Comparison of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with a commercial enzyme-multiplied immunoassay for the determination of plasma MPA in renal transplant recipients and consequences for therapeutic drug monitoring . Ther Drug Monit , 26 ( 6 ): 609 - 619 . https://doi.org/10.1097/00007691-200412000-00005 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007691-200412000-00005

Resztak M , Sobiak J , Czyrski A , 2021 . Recent advances in therapeutic drug monitoring of voriconazole, mycophenolic acid, and vancomycin: a literature review of pediatric studies . Pharmaceutics , 13 ( 12 ): 1991 . https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13121991 https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13121991

Ribba B , Dudal S , Lavé T , et al. , 2020 . Model-informed artificial intelligence: reinforcement learning for precision dosing . Clin Pharmacol Ther , 107 ( 4 ): 853 - 857 . https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.1777 https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.1777

Romano P , Agena F , de Almeida Rezende Ebner P , et al. , 2019 . Longitudinal pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid in elderly renal transplant recipients compared to a younger control group: data from the nEverOld trial . Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet , 44 ( 2 ): 189 - 199 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s13318-018-0506-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13318-018-0506-6

Rong Y , Patel V , Kiang TKL , 2021 . Recent lessons learned from population pharmacokinetic studies of mycophenolic acid: physiological, genomic, and drug interactions leading to the prediction of drug effects . Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol , 17 ( 12 ): 1369 - 1406 . https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2021.2027906 https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2021.2027906

Saliba F , Rostaing L , Gugenheim J , et al. , 2016 . Corticosteroid-sparing and optimization of mycophenolic acid exposure in liver transplant recipients receiving mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus: a randomized, multicenter study . Transplantation , 100 ( 8 ): 1705 - 1713 . https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000001228 https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000001228

Salvadori M , Holzer H , de Mattos A , et al. , 2004 . Enteric coated mycophenolate sodium is therapeutically equivalent to mycophenolate mofetil in de novo renal transplant patients . Am J Transplant , 4 ( 2 ): 231 - 236 . https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1600-6143.2003.00337.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1600-6143.2003.00337.x

Sánchez Fructuoso AI , Perez-Flores I , Calvo N , et al. , 2012 . Limited-sampling strategy for mycophenolic acid in renal transplant recipients reciving enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium and tacrolimus . Ther Drug Monit , 34 ( 3 ): 298 - 305 . https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e318255cc15 https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e318255cc15

Schünemann HJ , Wiercioch W , Etxeandia I , et al. , 2014 . Guidelines 2.0: systematic development of a comprehensive checklist for a successful guideline enterprise . CMAJ , 186 ( 3 ): E123 - E142 . https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.131237 https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.131237

Sekercioglu N , Fu R , Kim SJ , et al. , 2021 . Machine learning for predicting long-term kidney allograft survival: a scoping review . Ir J Med Sci , 190 ( 2 ): 807 - 817 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-020-02332-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-020-02332-1

Shaw LM , Korecka M , Venkataramanan R , et al. , 2003 . Mycophenolic acid pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics provide a basis for rational monitoring strategies . Am J Transplant , 3 ( 5 ): 534 - 542 . https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-6143.2003.00079.x https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-6143.2003.00079.x

Shipkova M , Schütz E , Besenthal I , et al. , 2010 . Investigation of the crossreactivity of mycophenolic acid glucuronide metabolites and of mycophenolate mofetil in the Cedia MPA assay . Ther Drug Monit , 32 ( 1 ): 79 - 85 . https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181cc342a https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181cc342a

Sobiak J , Resztak M , 2021 . A systematic review of multiple linear regression-based limited sampling strategies for mycophenolic acid area under the concentration-time curve estimation . Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet , 46 ( 6 ): 721 - 742 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s13318-021-00713-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13318-021-00713-0

Sommerer C , Glander P , Arns W , et al. , 2011 . Safety and efficacy of intensified versus standard dosing regimens of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in de novo renal transplant patients . Transplantation , 91 ( 7 ): 779 - 785 . https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e31820d3b9b https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e31820d3b9b

Squifflet JP , Bäckman L , Claesson K , et al. , 2001 . Dose optimization of mycophenolate mofetil when administered with a low dose of tacrolimus in cadaveric renal transplant recipients . Transplantation , 72 ( 1 ): 63 - 69 . https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200107150-00014 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200107150-00014

Tanaka M , Kikuchi M , Takasaki S , et al. , 2019 . Limited sampling strategy for the estimation of mycophenolic acid and its acyl glucuronide metabolite area under the concentration-time curve in Japanese lung transplant recipients . J Pharm Pharm Sci , 22 ( 1 ): 407 - 417 . https://doi.org/10.18433/jpps30505 https://doi.org/10.18433/jpps30505

Tang JT , de Winter BC , Hesselink DA , et al. , 2017 . The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mycophenolate mofetil in younger and elderly renal transplant recipients . Br J Clin Pharmacol , 83 ( 4 ): 812 - 822 . https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13154 https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13154

The Tricontinental Mycophenolate Mofetil Renal Transplantation Study Group , 1996 . A blinded, randomized clinical trial of mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection in cadaveric renal transplantation . Transplantation , 61 ( 7 ): 1029 - 1037 . https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199604150-00008 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199604150-00008

Ting LSL , Partovi N , Levy RD , et al. , 2006 . Limited sampling strategy for predicting area under the concentration-time curve of mycophenolic acid in adult lung transplant recipients . Pharmacotherapy , 26 ( 9 ): 1232 - 1240 . https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.26.9.1232 https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.26.9.1232

Todorova EK , Huang SHS , Kobrzynski MC , et al. , 2015 . What is the intrapatient variability of mycophenolic acid trough levels? Pediatr Transplant , 19 ( 7 ): 669 - 674 . https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.12559 https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.12559

van Gelder T , Vinks AA , 2021 . Machine learning as a novel method to support therapeutic drug management and precision dosing . Clin Pharmacol Ther , 110 ( 2 ): 273 - 276 . https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.2326 https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.2326

van Gelder T , Hilbrands LB , Vanrenterghem Y , et al. , 1999 . A randomized double-blind, multicenter plasma concentration controlled study of the safety and efficacy of oral mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection after kidney transplantation . Transplantation , 68 ( 2 ): 261 - 266 . https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199907270-00018 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199907270-00018

van Gelder T , Silva HT , de Fijter JW , et al. , 2008 . Comparing mycophenolate mofetil regimens for de novo renal transplant recipients: the fixed-dose concentration-controlled trial . Transplantation , 86 ( 8 ): 1043 - 1051 . https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e318186f98a https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e318186f98a

van Gelder T , Silva HT , de Fijter H , et al. , 2011 . How delayed graft function impacts exposure to mycophenolic acid in patients after renal transplantation . Ther Drug Monit , 33 ( 2 ): 155 - 164 . https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e31820c0a96 https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e31820c0a96

van Hest RM , Mathôt RAA , Vulto AG , et al. , 2004 . Mycophenolic acid in diabetic renal transplant recipients: pharmacokinetics and application of a limited sampling strategy . Ther Drug Monit , 26 ( 6 ): 620 - 625 . https://doi.org/10.1097/00007691-200412000-00006 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007691-200412000-00006

Vogl M , Weigel G , Seebacher G , et al. , 1999 . Evaluation of the EMIT mycophenolic acid assay from Dade Behring . Ther Drug Monit , 21 ( 6 ): 638 - 643 . https://doi.org/10.1097/00007691-199912000-00010 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007691-199912000-00010

Wang ZY , He JJ , Liu XY , et al. , 2015 . The evaluation of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in cardiac deceased donor liver transplant patients in China . Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol , 37 ( 6 ): 508 - 512 . https://doi.org/10.3109/08923973.2015.1096286 https://doi.org/10.3109/08923973.2015.1096286

Westley IS , Sallustio BC , Morris RG , 2005 . Validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for the measurement of mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide metabolites in plasma . Clin Biochem , 38 ( 9 ): 824 - 829 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.05.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.05.008

Westley IS , Ray JE , Morris RG , 2006 . CEDIA ® mycophenolic acid assay compared with HPLC-UV in specimens from transplant recipients . Ther Drug Monit , 28 ( 5 ): 632 - 636 . https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ftd.0000243963.53322.8d https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ftd.0000243963.53322.8d

Whiting PF , Rutjes AWS , Westwood ME , et al. , 2011 . QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies . Ann Intern Med , 155 ( 8 ):‍ 529 - 536 . https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009

Woillard JB , Labriffe M , Debord J , et al. , 2021 . Mycophenolic acid exposure prediction using machine learning . Clin Pharmacol Ther , 110 ( 2 ): 370 - 379 . https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.2216 https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.2216

World Health Organization , 2014 . WHO Handbook for Guideline Development , 2nd Ed . World Health Organization , Geneva, Switzerland , p. 1 - 56 .

Xiang HP , Zhou H , Zhang J , et al. , 2021 . Limited sampling strategy for estimation of mycophenolic acid exposure in adult Chinese heart transplant recipients . Front Pharmacol , 12 : 652333 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.652333 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.652333

Yabuki H , Matsuda Y , Watanabe T , et al. , 2020 . Plasma mycophenolic acid concentration and the clinical outcome after lung transplantation . Clin Transplant , 34 ( 12 ): e14088 . https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.14088 https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.14088

Yamada S , Shiohira H , Uehara H , et al. , 2016 . Implications of clinical mycophenolate mofetil dose according to individual body weight in Japanese renal transplant recipients . Transplant Proc , 48 ( 1 ): 35 - 41 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.11.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.11.014

Yamani MH , Starling RC , Goormastic M , et al. , 2000 . The impact of routine mycophenolate mofetil drug monitoring on the treatment of cardiac allograft rejection . Transplantation , 69 ( 11 ): 2326 - 2330 . https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200006150-00018 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200006150-00018

Yang Y , Zhou PJ , Xu D , et al. , 2014 . Reducing dosage of corticosteroid by mycophenolate acid therapeutic drug monitoring for renal allograft recipients . J Shanghai Jiaotong Univ (Med Sci) , 34 ( 10 ): 1534 - 1538 (in Chinese) . https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2014.10.024 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2014.10.024

Yao X , Huang HF , Wei CC , et al. , 2015 . Limited sampling strategy for mycophenolic acid in Chinese kidney transplant recipients receiving enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium and tacrolimus during the early posttransplantation phase . Ther Drug Monit , 37 ( 4 ): 516 - 523 . https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000000170 https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000000170

Ye ZK , Reintam Blaser A , Lytvyn L , et al. , 2020 . Gastrointestinal bleeding prophylaxis for critically ill patients: a clinical practice guideline . BMJ , 368 : l6722 . https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l6722 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l6722

Yeung JS , Wang W , Chan L , 1999 . Determination of mycophenolic acid level: comparison of high-performance liquid chromatography with homogeneous enzyme-immunoassay . Transplant Proc , 31 ( 1-2 ): 1214 - 1215 . https://doi.org/10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01968-x https://doi.org/10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01968-x

Yin T , Liang HY , Huang Q , et al. , 2023 . A survey of therapeutic drug monitoring status in China . Ther Drug Monit , 45 ( 2 ): 151 - 158 . https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000001060 https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000001060

Yu ZC , Zhang WX , Chen H , et al. , 2007 . Limited sampling strategy for the estimation of mycophenolic acid area under the plasma concentration-time curve in adult patients undergoing liver transplant . Ther Drug Monit , 29 ( 2 ): 207 - 214 . https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e318040ce0b https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e318040ce0b

Zeng LN , Yi QS , Huang L , et al. , 2022 . The guideline for therapeutic drug monitoring guidelines development . J Evid Based Med , 15 ( 3 ): 272 - 283 . https://doi.org/10.1111/jebm.12486 https://doi.org/10.1111/jebm.12486

Zeng WS , Zhang CS , Song M , et al. , 2018 . Effect of mycophenolate mofetil and enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium on blood concentration in renal transplantrecipients . Organ Transplant , 9 ( 6 ): 436 - 440 (in Chinese) . https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-7445.2018.06.007 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-7445.2018.06.007

Zhang H , Liu L , Li J , et al. , 2016 . The efficacy and safety of intensified enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium with low exposure of calcineurin inhibitors in Chinese de novo kidney transplant recipients: a prospective study . Int J Clin Pract , 70 : 22 - 30 . https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12813 https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12813

Zhang HX , Sheng CC , Liu LS , et al. , 2019 . Systematic external evaluation of published population pharmacokinetic models of mycophenolate mofetil in adult kidney transplant recipients co-administered with tacrolimus . Br J Clin Pharmacol , 85 ( 4 ): 746 - 761 . https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13850 https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13850

Zhang J , Sun Z , Zhu ZF , et al. , 2018 . Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolate mofetil and development of limited sampling strategy in early kidney transplant recipients . Front Pharmacol , 9 : 908 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00908 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00908

Zhang XN , Li H , Wang W , et al. , 2014 . Comparison of pharmacokinetics and clinical application in patients given enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium or mycophenolate mofetil after renal transplantation . Chin J Organ Transplant , 35 ( 8 ): 464 - 468 (in Chinese) . https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-1785.2014.08.005 https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-1785.2014.08.005

Zhou PJ , Xu D , Yu ZC , et al. , 2007 . Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and estimation of exposure using multiple linear regression equations in Chinese renal allograft recipients . Clin Pharmacokinet , 46 ( 5 ): 389 - 401 . https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200746050-00002 https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200746050-00002

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Tools

Publicity Resources

Chinese consensus guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring of polymyxin B, endorsed by the Infection and Chemotherapy Committee of the Shanghai Medical Association and the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Committee of the Chinese Pharmacological Society

Related Author

Hua SHAO

Jing ZHANG

Liyan MIAO

Yi ZHANG

Xiaocong ZUO

Huaijun ZHU

Bikui ZHANG

Zhenwei YU

Related Institution

Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University / Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China / National Clinical Research Centre for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University

Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University / Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University

Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University

The Southwest Hospital of Army Medical University

The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University

Address：Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, China Postal code：310027
Tel：+86-571-87952783 Email：cjzhang@zju.edu.cn
Technical support is provided by Beijing Founder electronics co., LTD 京ICP备09064830号-19 京公网安备11010802024621
It is recommended to read the content of this site in Chrome&IE9+. Please switch to extreme mode in browser 360.
Cookies We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. By continuing, you agree to the use of cookies.

⁰