Abu-Sbeih H , Ali FS , Qiao W , et al. , 2019 . Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis as a predictor of survival in metastatic melanoma . Cancer Immunol Immunother , 68 ( 4 ): 553 - 561 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-019-02303-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-019-02303-1

Advani R , Flinn I , Popplewell L , et al. , 2018 . CD47 blockade by Hu5F9-G4 and rituximab in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma . N Engl J Med , 379 ( 18 ): 1711 - 1721 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1807315 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1807315

Aggarwal C , Prawira A , Antonia S , et al. , 2022 . Dual checkpoint targeting of B7-H3 and PD-1 with enoblituzumab and pembrolizumab in advanced solid tumors: interim results from a multicenter phase I/II trial . J Immunother Cancer , 10 ( 4 ): e004424 . https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-004424 https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-004424

Ahn M , 2018 . MS28.02 Combination IO+IO . J Thorac Oncol , 13 ( 10 S): S299 - S300 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2018.08.194 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2018.08.194

Almutairi AR , McBride A , Slack M , et al. , 2020 . Potential immune-related adverse events associated with monotherapy and combination therapy of ipilimumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab for advanced melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Front Oncol , 10 : 91 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.00091 https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.00091

Andrews LP , Marciscano AE , Drake CG , et al. , 2017 . LAG3 (CD223) as a cancer immunotherapy target . Immunol Rev , 276 ( 1 ): 80 - 96 . https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12519 https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12519

Andrews LP , Yano H , Vignali DAA , 2019 . Inhibitory receptors and ligands beyond PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4: breakthroughs or backups . Nat Immunol , 20 ( 11 ): 1425 - 1434 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-019-0512-0 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-019-0512-0

Arredouani MS , Franco F , Imrich A , et al. , 2007 . Scavenger receptors SR-AI/II and MARCO limit pulmonary dendritic cell migration and allergic airway inflammation . J Immunol , 178 ( 9 ): 5912 - 5920 . https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5912 https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5912

Asrir A , Tardiveau C , Coudert J , et al. , 2022 . Tumor-associated high endothelial venules mediate lymphocyte entry into tumors and predict response to PD-1 plus CTLA-4 combin ation immunotherapy. Cancer Cell , 40 ( 30 ): 318 - 334.e9 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2022.01.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2022.01.002

Attia P , Phan GQ , Maker AV , et al. , 2005 . Autoimmunity correlates with tumor regression in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 . J Clin Oncol , 23 ( 25 ): 6043 - 6053 . https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.06.205 https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.06.205

Attrill GH , Owen CN , Ahmed T , et al. , 2022 . Higher proportions of CD39+ tumor-resident cytotoxic T cells predict recurrence-free survival in patients with stage III melanoma treated with adjuvant immunotherapy . J Immunother Cancer , 10 ( 6 ): e004771 . https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2022-004771 https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2022-004771

Bally APR , Lu PY , Tang Y , et al. , 2015 . NF-κB regulates PD-1 expression in macrophages . J Immunol , 194 ( 9 ): 4545 - 4554 . https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1402550 https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1402550

Barkal AA , Weiskopf K , Kao KS , et al. , 2018 . Engagement of MHC class I by the inhibitory receptor LILRB1 suppresses macrophages and is a target of cancer immunotherapy . Nat Immunol , 19 ( 1 ): 76 - 84 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-017-0004-z https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-017-0004-z

Barrueto L , Caminero F , Cash L , et al. , 2020 . Resistance to checkpoint inhibition in cancer immunotherapy . Transl Oncol , 13 ( 3 ): 100738 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranon.2019.12.010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranon.2019.12.010

Benci JL , Xu BH , Qiu Y , et al. , 2016 . Tumor interferon signaling regulates a multigenic resistance program to immune checkpoint blockade . Cell , 167 ( 6 ): 1540 - 1554.e12 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.022

Borcoman E , Kanjanapan Y , Champiat S , et al. , 2019 . Novel patterns of response under immunotherapy . Ann Oncol , 30 ( 3 ): 385 - 396 . https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdz003 https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdz003

Brahmer JR , Lacchetti C , Schneider BJ , et al. , 2018 . Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline . J Clin Oncol , 36 ( 17 ): 1714 - 1768 . https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.77.6385 https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.77.6385

Briukhovetska D , Dörr J , Endres S , et al. , 2021 . Interleukins in cancer: from biology to therapy . Nat Rev Cancer , 21 ( 8 ): 481 - 499 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-021-00363-z https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-021-00363-z

Burshtyn DN , Morcos C , 2016 . The expanding spectrum of ligands for leukocyte Ig-like receptors . J Immunol , 196 ( 3 ): 947 - 955 . https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1501937 https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1501937

Casado JG , Pawelec G , Morgado S , et al. , 2009 . Expression of adhesion molecules and ligands for activating and costimulatory receptors involved in cell-mediated cytotoxicity in a large panel of human melanoma cell lines . Cancer Immunol Immunother , 58 ( 9 ): 1517 - 1526 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-009-0682-y https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-009-0682-y

Castro F , Cardoso AP , Gonçalves RM , et al. , 2018 . Interferon-gamma at the crossroads of tumor immune surveillance or evasion . Front Immunol , 9 : 847 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00847 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00847

Ceeraz S , Nowak EC , Noelle RJ , 2013 . B7 family checkpoint regulators in immune regulation and disease . Trends Immunol , 34 ( 11 ): 556 - 563 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2013.07.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2013.07.003

Champiat S , Dercle L , Ammari S , et al. , 2017 . Hyperprogressive disease is a new pattern of progression in cancer patients treated by anti-PD-1/PD-L1 . Clin Cancer Res , 23 ( 8 ): 1920 - 1928 . https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-16-1741 https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-16-1741

Chapoval AI , Ni J , Lau JS , et al. , 2001 . B7-H3: a costimulatory molecule for T cell activation and IFN-γ production . Nat Immunol , 2 ( 3 ): 269 - 274 . https://doi.org/10.1038/85339 https://doi.org/10.1038/85339

Chen DS , Mellman I , 2017 . Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer‒immune set point . Nature , 541 ( 7637 ): 321 - 330 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21349 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21349

Chen GY , Tang J , Zheng P , et al. , 2009 . CD24 and Siglec-10 selectively repress tissue damage‒induced immune responses . Science , 323 ( 5922 ): 1722 - 1725 . https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1168988 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1168988

Chen GY , Chen X , King S , et al. , 2011 . Amelioration of sepsis by inhibiting sialidase-mediated disruption of the CD24-siglecg interaction . Nat Biotechnol , 29 ( 5 ): 428 - 435 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1846 https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1846

Chen LP , Flies DB , 2013 . Molecular mechanisms of T cell co-stimulation and co-inhibition . Nat Rev Immunol , 13 ( 4 ): 227 - 242 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3405 https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3405

Cheung TC , Oborne LM , Steinberg MW , et al. , 2009 . T cell intrinsic heterodimeric complexes between HVEM and BTLA determine receptivity to the surrounding microenvironment . J Immunol , 183 ( 11 ): 7286 - 7296 . https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0902490 https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0902490

Chiba S , Baghdadi M , Akiba H , et al. , 2012 . Tumor-infiltrating DCs suppress nucleic acid-mediated innate immune responses through interactions between the receptor TIM-3 and the alarmin HMGB1 . Nat Immunol , 13 ( 9 ): 832 - 842 . https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2376 https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2376

Choi IH , Zhu GF , Sica GL , et al. , 2003 . Genomic organization and expression analysis of B7-H4, an immune inhibitory molecule of the B7 family . J Immunol , 171 ( 9 ): 4650 - 4654 . https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.171.9.4650 https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.171.9.4650

Chowell D , Morris LGT , Grigg CM , et al. , 2018 . Patient HLA class I genotype influences cancer response to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy . Science , 359 ( 6375 ): 582 - 587 . https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao4572 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao4572

Das M , Zhu C , Kuchroo VK , 2017 . TIM-3 and its role in regulating anti-tumor immunity . Immunol Rev , 276 ( 1 ): 97 - 111 . https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12520 https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12520

Davar D , Boasberg PD , Eroglu Z , et al. , 2018 . A phase 1 study of TSR-022, an anti-TIM-3 monoclonal antibody, in combination with TSR-042 (anti-PD-1) in patients with colorectal cancer and post-PD-1 NSCLC and melanoma . J Immunother Therapy Cancer , 6 ( S1 ): S115 .

Dixon KO , Tabaka M , Schramm MA , et al. , 2021 . TIM-3 restrains anti-tumour immunity by regulating inflammasome activation . Nature , 595 ( 7865 ): 101 - 106 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03626-9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03626-9

Dolladille C , Ederhy S , Sassier M , et al. , 2020 . Immune checkpoint inhibitor rechallenge after immune-related adverse events in patients with cancer . JAMA Oncol , 6 ( 6 ): 865 - 871 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.0726 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.0726

Dong HD , Strome SE , Salomao DR , et al. , 2002 . Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: a potential mechanism of immune evasion . Nat Med , 8 ( 8 ): 793 - 800 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nm730 https://doi.org/10.1038/nm730

Downey SG , Klapper JA , Smith FO , et al. , 2007 . Prognostic factors related to clinical response in patients with metastatic melanoma treated by CTL-associated antigen-4 blockade . Clin Cancer Res , 13 ( 22 Pt 1 ): 6681 - 6688 . https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-07-0187 https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-07-0187

Dunn GP , Bruce AT , Ikeda H , et al. , 2002 . Cancer immunoediting: from immunosurveillance to tumor escape . Nat Immunol , 3 ( 11 ): 991 - 998 . https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1102-991 https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1102-991

Eltanbouly MA , Schaafsma E , Noelle RJ , et al. , 2020 . VISTA: coming of age as a multi-lineage immune checkpoint . Clin Exp Immunol , 200 ( 2 ): 120 - 130 . https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.13415 https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.13415

Ficial M , Jegede OA , Sant'Angelo M , et al. , 2021 . Expression of T-cell exhaustion molecules and human endogenous retroviruses as predictive biomarkers for response to nivolumab in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma . Clin Cancer Res , 27 ( 5 ): 1371 - 1380 . https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-3084 https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-3084

Finn RS , Qin SK , Ikeda M , et al. , 2020 . Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma . N Engl J Med , 382 ( 20 ): 1894 - 1905 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1915745 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1915745

Flies DB , Han X , Higuchi T , et al. , 2014 . Coinhibitory receptor PD-1H preferentially suppresses CD4 + T cell-mediated immunity . J Clin Invest , 124 ( 5 ): 1966 - 1975 . https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI74589 https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI74589

Fourcade J , Sun ZJ , Benallaoua M , et al. , 2010 . Upregulation of Tim-3 and PD-1 expression is associated with tumor antigen‒specific CD8 + T cell dysfunction in melanoma patients . J Exp Med , 207 ( 10 ): 2175 - 2186 . https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20100637 https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20100637

Francisco LM , Sage PT , Sharpe AH , 2010 . The PD-1 pathway in tolerance and autoimmunity . Immunol Rev , 236 ( 1 ): 219 - 242 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00923.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00923.x

Fresno Vara JÁ , Casado E , de Castro J , et al. , 2004 . PI3K/Akt signalling pathway and cancer . Cancer Treat Rev , 30 ( 2 ): 193 - 204 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2003.07.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2003.07.007

Ganesan S , Mehnert J , 2020 . Biomarkers for response to immune checkpoint blockade . Annu Rev Cancer Biol , 4 ( 1 ): 331 - 351 . https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033604 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033604

Gao X , Zhu YB , Li G , et al. , 2012 . TIM-3 expression characterizes regulatory T cells in tumor tissues and is associated with lung cancer progression . PLoS ONE , 7 ( 2 ): e30676 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030676 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030676

Gavrieli M , Watanabe N , Loftin SK , et al. , 2003 . Characterization of phosphotyrosine binding motifs in the cytoplasmic domain of B and T lymphocyte attenuator required for association with protein tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2 . Biochem Biophys Res Commun , 312 ( 4 ): 1236 - 1243 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.070 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.070

Geraud A , Gougis P , Vozy A , et al. , 2021 . Clinical pharmacology and interplay of immune checkpoint agents: a Yin-Yang balance . Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol , 61 : 85 - 112 . https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-022820-093805 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-022820-093805

Goel S , Decristo MJ , Watt AC , et al. , 2017 . CDK4/6 inhibition triggers anti-tumour immunity . Nature , 548 ( 7668 ): 471 - 475 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23465 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23465

Gomes de Morais AL , Cerdá S , de Miguel M , 2022 . New checkpoint inhibitors on the road: targeting TIM-3 in solid tumors . Curr Oncol Rep , 24 ( 5 ): 651 - 658 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-022-01218-y https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-022-01218-y

Gonzalez LC , Loyet KM , Calemine-Fenaux J , et al. , 2005 . A coreceptor interaction between the CD28 and TNF receptor family members B and T lymphocyte attenuator and herpesvirus entry mediator . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 102 ( 4 ): 1116 - 1121 . https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0409071102 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0409071102

Grasso CS , Tsoi J , Onyshchenko M , et al. , 2020 . Conserved interferon-γ signaling drives clinical response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy in melanoma . Cancer Cell , 38 ( 4 ): 500 - 515.e3 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2020.08.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2020.08.005

Hall ET , Singhal S , Dickerson J , et al. , 2019 . Patient-reported outcomes for cancer patients receiving checkpoint inhibitors: opportunities for palliative care—a systematic review . J Pain Symptom Manage , 58 ( 1 ): 137 - 156.e1 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.03.015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.03.015

Han P , Goularte OD , Rufner K , et al. , 2004 . An inhibitory Ig superfamily protein expressed by lymphocytes and APCs is also an early marker of thymocyte positive selection . J Immunol , 172 ( 10 ): 5931 - 5939 . https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.5931 https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.5931

Hannier S , Tournier M , Bismuth G , et al. , 1998 . CD3/TCR complex-associated lymphocyte activation gene-3 molecules inhibit CD3/TCR signaling . J Immunol , 161 ( 8 ): 4058 - 4065 . https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.161.8.4058 https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.161.8.4058

Harding JJ , Patnaik A , Moreno V , et al. , 2019 . A phase Ia/Ib study of an anti-TIM-3 antibody (LY3321367) monotherapy or in combination with an anti-PD-L1 antibody (LY3300054): interim safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic findings in advanced cancers . J Clin Oncol , 37 ( 8 ): 12 - 12 . https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2019.37.8_suppl.12 https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2019.37.8_suppl.12

Harding JJ , Moreno V , Bang YJ , et al. , 2021 . Blocking TIM-3 in treatment-refractory advanced solid tumors: a phase Ia/b study of LY3321367 with or without an anti-PD-L1 antibody . Clin Cancer Res , 27 ( 8 ): 2168 - 2178 . https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-20-4405 https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-20-4405

Held W , Mariuzza RA , 2008 . Cis interactions of immunoreceptors with MHC and non-MHC ligands . Nat Rev Immunol , 8 ( 4 ): 269 - 278 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2278 https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2278

Higgs BW , Morehouse CA , Streicher K , et al. , 2018 . Interferon gamma messenger RNA signature in tumor biopsies predicts outcomes in patients with non-small cell lung carcin oma or urothelial cancer treated with durvalumab. Clin Cancer Res , 24 ( 16 ): 3857 - 3866 . https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-3451 https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-3451

Hirayama S , Ishii G , Nagai K , et al. , 2012 . Prognostic impact of CD204-positive macrophages in lung squamous cell carcinoma: possible contribution of CD204-positive macrophages to the tumor-promoting microenvironment . J Thorac Oncol , 7 ( 12 ): 1790 - 1797 . https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e3182745968 https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e3182745968

Hodi FS , O'Day SJ , McDermott DF , et al. , 2010 . Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma . N Engl J Med , 363 ( 8 ): 711 - 723 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1003466 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1003466

Hollebecque A , Chung HC , de Miguel MJ , et al. , 2021 . Safety and antitumor activity of α-PD-L1 antibody as monotherapy or in combination with α-TIM-3 antibody in patients with microsatellite instability-high/mismatch repair-deficient tumors . Clin Cancer Res , 27 ( 23 ): 6393 - 6404 . https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-21-0261 https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-21-0261

Holtzhausen A , Zhao F , Evans KS , et al. , 2015 . Melanoma-derived Wnt5a promotes local dendritic-cell expression of IDO and immunotolerance: opportunities for pharmacologic enhancement of immunotherapy . Cancer Immunol Res , 3 ( 9 ): 1082 - 1095 . https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.Cir-14-0167 https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.Cir-14-0167

Hone Lopez S , Jalving M , Fehrmann RSN , et al. , 2022 . The gut wall’s potential as a partner for precision oncology in immune checkpoint treatment . Cancer Treat Rev , 107 : 102406 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102406 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102406

Huang CT , Workman CJ , Flies D , et al. , 2004 . Role of LAG-3 in regulatory T cells . Immunity , 21 ( 4 ): 503 - 513 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2004.08.010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2004.08.010

Huang X , Zhang XZ , Li EL , et al. , 2020 . VISTA: an immune regulatory protein checking tumor and immune cells in cancer immunotherapy . J Hematol Oncol , 13 : 83 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-020-00917-y https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-020-00917-y

Huang YH , Zhu C , Kondo Y , et al. , 2015 . CEACAM1 regulates TIM-3-mediated tolerance and exhaustion . Nature , 517 ( 7534 ): 386 - 390 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13848 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13848

Hurchla MA , Sedy JR , Gavrielli M , et al. , 2005 . B and T lymphocyte attenuator exhibits structural and expression polymorphisms and is highly induced in anergic <math id="M1"><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><msubsup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msubsup></math> https://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=75418278&type= https://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=75418264&type= 5.50333309 3.47133350 T cells . J Immunol , 174 ( 6 ): 3377 - 3385 . https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.174.6.3377 https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.174.6.3377

Iivanainen S , Alanko T , Vihinen P , et al. , 2020 . Follow-up of cancer patients receiving anti-PD-(L)1 therapy using an electronic patient-reported outcomes tool (KISS): prospective feasibility cohort study . JMIR Form Res , 4 ( 10 ): e17898 . https://doi.org/10.2196/17898 https://doi.org/10.2196/17898

Ishida Y , Agata Y , Shibahara K , et al. , 1992 . Induced expression of PD-1, a novel member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, upon programmed cell death . EMBO J , 11 ( 11 ): 3887 - 3895 . https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05481.x https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05481.x

Janakiram M , Shah UA , Liu WF , et al. , 2017 . The third group of the B7-CD28 immune checkpoint family: HHLA2, TMIGD 2, B 7 x, and B7 - H3 . Immunol Rev, 276 ( 1 ): 26 - 39 . https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12521 https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12521

Johnson DB , Balko JM , Compton ML , et al. , 2016 . Fulminant myocarditis with combination immune checkpoint blockade . N Engl J Med , 375 ( 18 ): 1749 - 1755 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1609214 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1609214

Johnston RJ , Su LJ , Pinckney J , et al. , 2019 . VISTA is an acidic pH-selective ligand for PSGL-1 . Nature , 574 ( 7779 ): 565 - 570 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1674-5 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1674-5

Joller N , Hafler JP , Brynedal B , et al. , 2011 . Cutting edge: TIGIT has T cell-intrinsic inhibitory functions . J Immunol , 186 ( 3 ): 1338 - 1342 . https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1003081 https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1003081

Kalbasi A , Ribas A , 2020 . Tumour-intrinsic resistance to immune checkpoint blockade . Nat Rev Immunol , 20 ( 1 ): 25 - 39 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-019-0218-4 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-019-0218-4

Keir ME , Butte MJ , Freeman GJ , et al. , 2008 . PD-1 and its ligands in tolerance and immunity . Annu Rev Immunol , 26 : 677 - 704 . https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090331 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090331

Kim TK , Vandsemb EN , Herbst RS , et al. , 2022 . Adaptive immune resistance at the tumour site: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities . Nat Rev Drug Discov , 21 ( 7 ): 529 - 540 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-022-00493-5 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-022-00493-5

Kisielow M , Kisielow J , Capoferri-Sollami G , et al. , 2005 . Expression of lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) on B cells is induced by T cells . Eur J Immunol , 35 ( 7 ): 2081 - 2088 . https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200526090 https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200526090

Kok IC , Hooiveld JS , van de Donk PP , et al. , 2022 . 89 Zr-pembrolizumab imaging as a non-invasive approach to assess clinical response to PD-1 blockade in cancer . Ann Oncol , 33 ( 1 ): 80 - 88 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2021.10.213 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2021.10.213

Kontos F , Michelakos T , Kurokawa T , et al. , 2021 . B7-H3: an attractive target for antibody-based immunotherapy . Clin Cancer Res , 27 ( 5 ): 1227 - 1235 . https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-20-2584 https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-20-2584

Krijgsman O , Kemper K , Boshuizen J , et al. , 2021 . Predictive immune-checkpoint blockade classifiers identify tumors responding to inhibition of PD-1 and/or CTLA-4 . Clin Cancer Res , 27 ( 19 ): 5389 - 5400 . https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-20-4218 https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-20-4218

Kuroki K , Furukawa A , Maenaka K , 2012 . Molecular recognition of paired receptors in the immune system . Front Microbiol , 3 : 429 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00429 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00429

Le DT , Uram JN , Wang H , et al. , 2015 . PD-1 blockade in tumors with mismatch-repair deficiency . N Engl J Med , 372 ( 26 ): 2509 - 2520 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1500596 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1500596

Levin SD , Taft DW , Brandt CS , et al. , 2011 . Vstm3 is a member of the CD28 family and an important modulator of T-cell function . Eur J Immunol , 41 ( 4 ): 902 - 915 . https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.201041136 https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.201041136

Li B , Chan HL , Chen PP , 2019 . Immune checkpoint inhibitors: basics and challenges . Curr Med Chem , 26 ( 17 ): 3009 - 3025 . https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170804143706 https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170804143706

Li C , Zhan YD , Ma XZ , et al. , 2020 . B7-H4 facilitates proliferation and metastasis of colorectal carcinoma cell through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway . Clin Exp Med , 20 ( 1 ): 79 - 86 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-019-00590-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-019-00590-7

Li HX , van der Merwe PA , Sivakumar S , 2022 . Biomarkers of response to PD-1 pathway blockade . Br J Cancer , 126 ( 12 ): 1663 - 1675 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-022-01743-4 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-022-01743-4

Li HY , Piao L , Liu SC , et al. , 2020 . B7-H4 is a potential prognostic biomarker of prostate cancer . Exp Mol Pathol , 114 : 104406 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104406 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104406

Li J , Lee Y , Li YJ , et al. , 2018 . Co-inhibitory molecule B7 superfamily member 1 expressed by tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells induces dysfunction of anti-tumor CD8 + T cells . Immunity , 48 ( 4 ): 773 - 786.e5 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.018

Li M , Xia PY , Du Y , et al. , 2014 . T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) receptor/poliovirus receptor (PVR) ligand engagement suppresses interferon-γ production of natural killer cells via β-arrestin 2-mediated negative signaling . J Biol Chem , 289 ( 25 ): 17647 - 17657 . https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M114.572420 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M114.572420

Li T , Li XY , Zamani A , et al. , 2020 . c-Rel is a myeloid checkpoint for cancer immunotherapy . Nat Cancer , 1 ( 5 ): 507 - 517 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s43018-020-0061-3 https://doi.org/10.1038/s43018-020-0061-3

Li XM , Xu ZG , Cui GY , et al. , 2020 . BTLA expression in stage I-III non-small-cell lung cancer and its correlation with PD-1/PD-L1 and clinical outcomes . Onco Targets Ther , 13 : 215 - 224 . https://doi.org/10.2147/ott.S232234 https://doi.org/10.2147/ott.S232234

Lines JL , Pantazi E , Mak J , et al. , 2014a . VISTA is an immune checkpoint molecule for human T cells . Cancer Res , 74 ( 7 ): 1924 - 1932 . https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-1504 https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-1504

Lines JL , Sempere LF , Broughton T , et al. , 2014b . VISTA is a novel broad-spectrum negative checkpoint regulator for cancer immunotherapy . Cancer Immunol Res , 2 ( 6 ): 510 - 517 . https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-14-0072 https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-14-0072

Linsley PS , Bradshaw J , Greene J , et al. , 1996 . Intracellular trafficking of CTLA-4 and focal localization towards sites of TCR engagement . Immunity , 4 ( 6 ): 535 - 543 . https://doi.org/10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80480-x https://doi.org/10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80480-x

Liu S , Zhang H , Li M , et al. , 2013 . Recruitment of Grb2 and SHIP1 by the ITT-like motif of TIGIT suppresses granule polarization and cytotoxicity of NK cells . Cell Death Differ , 20 ( 3 ): 456 - 464 . https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2012.141 https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2012.141

Liu YT , Sun ZJ , 2021 . Turning cold tumors into hot tumors by improving T-cell infiltration . Theranostics , 11 ( 11 ): 5365 - 5386 . https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.58390 https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.58390

Loyet KM , Ouyang WJ , Eaton DL , et al. , 2005 . Proteomic profiling of surface proteins on Th1 and Th2 cells . J Proteome Res , 4 ( 2 ): 400 - 409 . https://doi.org/10.1021/pr049810q https://doi.org/10.1021/pr049810q

Luo N , Nixon MJ , Gonzalez-Ericsson PI , et al. , 2018 . DNA methyltransferase inhibition upregulates MHC-I to potentiate cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in breast cancer . Nat Commun , 9 : 248 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02630-w https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02630-w

Ma J , Song YQ , Xie Y , et al. , 2022 . Phase I study of the anti-BTLA antibody tifcemalimab as a single agent or in combination with toripalimab in relapsed/refractory lymphomas . Blood , 140 ( S1 ): 3716 - 3717 . https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2022-157497 https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2022-157497

Ma R , Li ZL , Chiocca EA , et al. , 2023 . The emerging field of oncolytic virus-based cancer immunotherapy . Trends Cancer , 9 ( 2 ): 122 - 139 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trecan.2022.10.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trecan.2022.10.003

Macauley MS , Crocker PR , Paulson JC , 2014 . Siglec-mediated regulation of immune cell function in disease . Nat Rev Immunol , 14 ( 10 ): 653 - 666 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3737 https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3737

Mahadevan NR , Knelson EH , Wolff JO , et al. , 2021 . Intrinsic immunogenicity of small cell lung carcinoma revealed by its cellular plasticity . Cancer Discov , 11 ( 8 ): 1952 - 1969 . https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.Cd-20-0913 https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.Cd-20-0913

Marijt KA , Sluijter M , Blijleven L , et al. , 2019 . Metabolic stress in cancer cells induces immune escape through a PI3K-dependent blockade of IFNγ receptor signaling . J Immunother Cancer , 7 ( 1 ): 152 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-019-0627-8 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-019-0627-8

Martinez GJ , Pereira RM , Äijö T , et al. , 2015 . The transcription factor NFAT promotes exhaustion of activated CD8 + T cells . Immunity , 42 ( 2 ): 265 - 278 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2015.01.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2015.01.006

Martins F , Sofiya L , Sykiotis GP , et al. , 2019 . Adverse effects of immune-checkpoint inhibitors: epidemiology, management and surveillance . Nat Rev Clin Oncol , 16 ( 9 ): 563 - 580 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-019-0218-0 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-019-0218-0

Mendelsohn CL , Wimmer E , Racaniello VR , 1989 . Cellular receptor for poliovirus: molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of a new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily . Cell , 56 ( 5 ): 855 - 865 . https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(89)90690-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(89)90690-9

Merchant YP , Mehta V , Aaqib Shamim M , et al. , 2023 . Cost-benefit analysis of immune checkpoint inhibitors: is the price worth their value? Oral Oncol , 146 : 106560 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2023.106560 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2023.106560

Meric-Bernstam F , Larkin J , Tabernero J , et al. , 2021 . Enhancing anti-tumour efficacy with immunotherapy combinations . Lancet , 397 ( 10278 ): 1010 - 1022 . https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32598-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32598-8

Mettu NB , Ulahannan SV , Bendell JC , et al. , 2022 . A phase 1a/b open-label, dose-escalation study of etigilimab alone or in combination with nivolumab in patients with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors . Clin Cancer Res , 28 ( 5 ): 882 - 892 . https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-21-2780 https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-21-2780

M'Hidi H , Thibult ML , Chetaille B , et al. , 2009 . High expression of the inhibitory receptor BTLA in T-follicular helper cells and in B-cell small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Am J Clin Pathol , 132 ( 4 ): 589 - 596 . https://doi.org/10.1309/ajcpphkgyyggl39c https://doi.org/10.1309/ajcpphkgyyggl39c

Modak S , Zanzonico P , Grkovski M , et al. , 2020 . B7H3-directed intraperitoneal radioimmunotherapy with radioiodinated omburtamab for desmoplastic small round cell tumor and other peritoneal tumors: results of a phase I study . J Clin Oncol , 38 ( 36 ): 4283 - 4291 . https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.20.01974 https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.20.01974

Monney L , Sabatos CA , Gaglia JL , et al. , 2002 . Th1-specific cell surface protein Tim-3 regulates macrophage activation and severity of an autoimmune disease . Nature , 415 ( 6871 ): 536 - 541 . https://doi.org/10.1038/415536a https://doi.org/10.1038/415536a

Morad G , Helmink BA , Sharma P , et al. , 2021 . Hallmarks of response, resistance, and toxicity to immune checkpoint blockade . Cell , 184 ( 21 ): 5309 - 5337 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.09.020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.09.020

Murtaza A , Laken H , da Silva Correia J , et al. , 2016 . Discovery of TSR-022, a novel, potent anti-human TIM-3 therapeutic antibody . Eur J Cancer , 69 ( S1 ): S102 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(16)32903-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(16)32903-3

Musielak B , Kocik J , Skalniak L , et al. , 2019 . CA-170—a potent small-molecule PD-L1 inhibitor or not? Molecules , 24 ( 15 ): 2804 . https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24152804 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24152804

Nakamura K , Smyth MJ , 2020 . Myeloid immunosuppression and immune checkpoints in the tumor microenvironment . Cell Mol Immunol , 17 ( 1 ): 1 - 12 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-019-0306-1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-019-0306-1

Nakanishi K , Yoshimoto T , Tsutsui H , et al. , 2001 . Interleukin-18 is a unique cytokine that stimulates both Th1 and Th2 responses depending on its cytokine milieu . Cytokine Growth Factor Rev , 12 ( 1 ): 53 - 72 . https://doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6101(00)00015-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6101(00)00015-0

Nakayama M , Akiba H , Takeda K , et al. , 2009 . Tim-3 mediates phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and cross-presentation . Blood , 113 ( 16 ): 3821 - 3830 . https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-10-185884 https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-10-185884

Niu J , Maurice-Dror C , Lee DH , et al. , 2021 . First-in-human phase 1 study of the anti-TIGIT antibody vibostolimab as monotherapy or with pembrolizumab for advanced solid tumors, including non-small-cell lung cancer . Ann Oncol , 33 ( 2 ): 169 - 180 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2021.11.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2021.11.002

Nurieva RI , Chung Y , Hwang D , et al. , 2008 . Generation of T follicular helper cells is mediated by interleukin-21 but independent of T helper 1, 2, or 17 cell lineages . Immunity , 29 ( 1 ): 138 - 149 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2008.05.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2008.05.009

Panelli MC , White R , Foster M , et al. , 2004 . Forecasting the cytokine storm following systemic interleukin (IL)-2 administration . J Transl Med , 2 : 17 . https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-2-17 https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-2-17

Pardoll DM , 2012 . Immunology beats cancer: a blueprint for successful translation . Nat Immunol , 13 ( 12 ): 1129 - 1132 . https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2392 https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2392

Park SY , Kim IS , 2019 . Harnessing immune checkpoints in myeloid lineage cells for cancer immunotherapy . Cancer Lett , 452 : 51 - 58 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2019.03.018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2019.03.018

Patil NS , Nabet BY , Müller S , et al. , 2022 . Intratumoral plasma cells predict outcomes to PD-L1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancer . Cancer Cell , 40 ( 3 ): 289 - 300.e4 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2022.02.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2022.02.002

Pauken KE , Dougan M , Rose NR , et al. , 2019 . Adverse events following cancer immunotherapy: obstacles and opportun ities. Trends Immunol , 40 ( 6 ): 511 - 523 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2019.04.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2019.04.002

Peng WY , Chen JQ , Liu CW , et al. , 2016 . Loss of PTEN promotes resistance to T cell-mediated immunotherapy . Cancer Discov , 6 ( 2 ): 202 - 216 . https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.Cd-15-0283 https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.Cd-15-0283

Picarda E , Ohaegbulam KC , Zang XX , 2016 . Molecular pathways: targeting B7-H3 (CD276) for human cancer immunotherapy . Clin Cancer Res , 22 ( 14 ): 3425 - 3431 . https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-2428 https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-2428

Propper DJ , Balkwill FR , 2022 . Harnessing cytokines and chemokines for cancer therapy . Nat Rev Clin Oncol , 19 ( 4 ): 237 - 253 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-021-00588-9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-021-00588-9

Radhakrishnan V , Banavali S , Gupta S , et al. , 2019 . Excellent CBR and prolonged PFS in non-squamous NSCLC with oral CA-170, an inhibitor of VISTA and PD-L1 . Ann Oncol , 30 (S5):v494. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdz253.035 https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdz253.035

Ready NE , Ott PA , Hellmann MD , et al. , 2020 . Nivolumab monotherapy and nivolumab plus ipilimumab in recurrent small cell lung cancer: results from the CheckMate 032 randomized cohort . J Thorac Oncol , 15 ( 3 ): 426 - 435 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2019.10.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2019.10.004

Reck M , Rodríguez-Abreu D , Robinson AG , et al. , 2016 . Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for PD-L1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer . N Engl J Med , 375 ( 19 ): 1823 - 1833 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1606774 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1606774

Reckamp KL , Redman MW , Dragnev KH , et al. , 2022 . Phase II randomized study of ramucirumab and pembrolizumab versus standard of care in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer previously treated with immunotherapy-lung-map S1800A . J Clin Oncol , 40 ( 21 ): 2295 - 2307 . https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.22.00912 https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.22.00912

Ribas A , Wolchok JD , 2018 . Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade . Science , 359 ( 6382 ): 1350 - 1355 . https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar4060 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar4060

Robert C , Long GV , Brady B , et al. , 2015 . Nivolumab in previously untreated melanoma without BRAF mutation . N Engl J Med , 372 ( 4 ): 320 - 330 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1412082 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1412082

Robertson MJ , Mier JW , Logan T , et al. , 2006 . Clinical and biological effects of recombinant human interleukin-18 administered by intravenous infusion to patients with advanced cancer . Clin Cancer Res , 12 ( 14 ): 4265 - 4273 . https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-06-0121 https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-06-0121

Robertson MJ , Kirkwood JM , Logan TF , et al. , 2008 . A dose-escalation study of recombinant human interleukin-18 using two different schedules of administration in patients with cancer . Clin Cancer Res , 14 ( 11 ): 3462 - 3469 . https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-07-4740 https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-07-4740

Rosenthal R , Cadieux EL , Salgado R , et al. , 2019 . Neoantigen-directed immune escape in lung cancer evolution . Nature , 567 ( 7749 ): 479 - 485 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1032-7 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1032-7

Rotte A , 2019 . Combination of CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockers for treatment of cancer . J Exp Clin Cancer Res , 38 : 255 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-019-1259-z https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-019-1259-z

Rudd CE , Taylor A , Schneider H , 2009 . CD28 and CTLA-4 coreceptor expression and signal transduction . Immunol Rev , 229 ( 1 ): 12 - 26 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00770.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00770.x

Sade-Feldman M , Jiao YJ , Chen JH , et al. , 2017 . Resistance to checkpoint blockade therapy through inactivation of antigen presentation . Nat Commun , 8 : 1136 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01062-w https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01062-w

Salmi M , Koskinen K , Henttinen T , et al. , 2004 . Clever-1 mediates lymphocyte transmigration through vascular and lymphatic endothelium . Blood , 104 ( 13 ): 3849 - 3857 . https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-01-0222 https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-01-0222

Sanmamed MF , Chen LP , 2018 . A paradigm shift in cancer immunotherapy: from enhancement to normalization . Cell , 175 ( 2 ): 313 - 326 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.035 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.035

Sansom DM , 2000 . CD28, CTLA-4 and their ligands: who does what and to whom? Immunology , 101 ( 2 ): 169 - 177 . https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00121.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00121.x

Schöffski P , Tan DSW , Martín M , et al. , 2022 . Phase I/II study of the LAG-3 inhibitor ieramilimab (LAG525) ± anti-PD-1 spartalizumab (PDR001) in patients with advanced malignancies . J Immunother Cancer , 10 ( 2 ): e003776 . https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-003776 https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-003776

Sedy JR , Gavrieli M , Potter KG , et al. , 2005 . B and T lymphocyte attenuator regulates T cell activation through interaction with herpesvirus entry mediator . Nat Immunol , 6 ( 1 ): 90 - 98 . https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1144 https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1144

Sharma P , Hu-Lieskovan S , Wargo JA , et al. , 2017 . Primary, adaptive, and acquired resistance to cancer immunotherapy . Cell , 168 ( 4 ): 707 - 723 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.017

Shigeoka M , Urakawa N , Nakamura T , et al. , 2013 . Tumor associated macrophage expressing CD204 is associated with tumor aggressiveness of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma . Cancer Sci , 104 ( 8 ): 1112 - 1119 . https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.12188 https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.12188

Sordo-Bahamonde C , Lorenzo-Herrero S , Gonzalez-Rodriguez AP , et al. , 2021 . BTLA/HVEM axis induces NK cell immunosuppression and poor outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia . Cancers , 13 ( 8 ): 1766 . https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13081766 https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13081766

Spranger S , Bao RY , Gajewski TF , 2015 . Melanoma-intrinsic β-catenin signalling prevents anti-tumour immunity . Nature , 523 ( 7559 ): 231 - 235 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14404 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14404

Srivastava S , Pelloso D , Feng HL , et al. , 2013 . Effects of interleukin-18 on natural killer cells: costimulation of activation through Fc receptors for immunoglobulin . Cancer Immunol Immunother , 62 ( 6 ): 1073 - 1082 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-013-1403-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-013-1403-0

Stanietsky N , Simic H , Arapovic J , et al. , 2009 . The interaction of TIGIT with PVR and PVRL2 inhibits human NK cell cytotoxicity . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 106 ( 42 ): 17858 - 17863 . https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903474106 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903474106

Sullivan RJ , Weber JS , 2022 . Immune-related toxicities of checkpoint inhibitors: mechanisms and mitigation strategies . Nat Rev Drug Discov , 21 ( 7 ): 495 - 508 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-021-00259-5 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-021-00259-5

Sumimoto H , Imabayashi F , Iwata T , et al. , 2006 . The BRAF‒MAPK signaling pathway is essential for cancer-immune evasion in human melanoma cells . J Exp Med , 203 ( 7 ): 1651 - 1656 . https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20051848 https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20051848

Sznol M , Postow MA , Davies MJ , et al. , 2017 . Endocrine-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade and expert insights on their management . Cancer Treat Rev , 58 : 70 - 76 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.06.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.06.002

Tan SY , Xu Y , Wang ZH , et al. , 2020 . Tim-3 hampers tumor surveillance of liver-resident and conventional NK cells by disrupting PI3K signaling . Cancer Res , 80 ( 5 ): 1130 - 1142 . https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.Can-19-2332 https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.Can-19-2332

Tawbi HA , Schadendorf D , Lipson EJ , et al. , 2022 . Relatlimab and nivolumab versus nivolumab in untreated advanced melanoma . N Engl J Med , 386 ( 1 ): 24 - 34 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2109970 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2109970

Topalian SL , Taube JM , Anders RA , et al. , 2016 . Mechanism-driven biomarkers to guide immune checkpoint blockade in cancer therapy . Nat Rev Cancer , 16 ( 5 ): 275 - 287 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc.2016.36 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc.2016.36

Torino F , Corsello SM , Salvatori R , 2016 . Endocrinological side-effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors . Curr Opin Oncol , 28 ( 4 ): 278 - 287 . https://doi.org/10.1097/cco.0000000000000293 https://doi.org/10.1097/cco.0000000000000293

Triebel F , Jitsukawa S , Baixeras E , et al. , 1990 . LAG-3, a novel lymphocyte activation gene closely related to CD4 . J Exp Med , 171 ( 5 ): 1393 - 1405 . https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.171.5.1393 https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.171.5.1393

Upadhaya S , Neftelinov ST , Hodge J , et al. , 2022 . Challenges and opportunities in the PD1/PDL1 inhibitor clinical trial landscape . Nat Rev Drug Discov , 21 ( 7 ): 482 - 483 . https://doi.org/10.1038/d41573-022-00030-4 https://doi.org/10.1038/d41573-022-00030-4

Virgin HW , Wherry EJ , Ahmed R , 2009 . Redefining chronic viral infection . Cell , 138 ( 1 ): 30 - 50 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.06.036 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.06.036

Voron T , Colussi O , Marcheteau E , et al. , 2015 . VEGF-A modulates expression of inhibitory checkpoints on CD8 + T cells in tumors . J Exp Med , 212 ( 2 ): 139 - 148 . https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20140559 https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20140559

Wainberg ZA , Sachdev JC , Bauer T , et al. , 2019 . FPA150 (B7-H4 antibody) phase I update in advanced solid tumours: monotherapy and in combination with pembrolizumab . Ann Oncol , 30 (S5):V489. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdz253.024 https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdz253.024

Wang JH , Wu GP , Manick B , et al. , 2019 . VSIG-3 as a ligand of VISTA inhibits human T-cell function . Immunology , 156 ( 1 ): 74 - 85 . https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.13001 https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.13001

Wang L , Rubinstein R , Lines JL , et al. , 2011 . VISTA, a novel mouse Ig superfamily ligand that negatively regulates T cell responses . J Exp Med , 208 ( 3 ): 577 - 592 . https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20100619 https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20100619

Wang SX , Li YS , Liu ZQ , et al. , 2023 . Efficacy and safety of first-line immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with chemotherapy for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: a network meta-analysis . Lung Cancer , 178 : 47 - 56 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2023.02.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2023.02.003

Wang XX , Barrera C , Bera K , et al. , 2022 . Spatial interplay patterns of cancer nuclei and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) predict clinical benefit for immune checkpoint inhibitors . Sci Adv , 8 ( 22 ): eabn3966 . https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn3966 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn3966

Watanabe N , Gavrieli M , Sedy JR , et al. , 2003 . BTLA is a lymphocyte inhibitory receptor with similarities to CTLA-4 and PD-1 . Nat Immunol , 4 ( 7 ): 670 - 679 . https://doi.org/10.1038/ni944 https://doi.org/10.1038/ni944

Weber JS , Kähler KC , Hauschild A , 2012 . Management of immune-related adverse events and kinetics of response with ipilimumab . J Clin Oncol , 30 ( 21 ): 2691 - 2697 . https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.41.6750 https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.41.6750

Wolchok JD , Neyns B , Linette G , et al. , 2010 . Ipilimumab monotherapy in patients with pretreated advanced melanoma: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 2, dose-ranging study . Lancet Oncol , 11 ( 2 ): 155 - 164 . https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(09)70334-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(09)70334-1

Wolchok JD , Chiarion-Sileni V , Gonzalez R , et al. , 2022 . Long-term outcomes with nivolumab plus ipilimumab or nivolumab alone versus ipilimumab in patients with advanced melanoma . J Clin Oncol , 40 ( 2 ): 127 - 137 . https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.21.02229 https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.21.02229

Wolf Y , Anderson AC , Kuchroo VK , 2020 . TIM3 comes of age as an inhibitory receptor . Nat Rev Immunol , 20 ( 3 ): 173 - 185 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-019-0224-6 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-019-0224-6

Workman CJ , Vignali DAA , 2005 . Negative regulation of T cell homeostasis by lymphocyte activation gene-3 (CD223) . J Immunol , 174 ( 2 ): 688 - 695 . https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.174.2.688 https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.174.2.688

Workman CJ , Rice DS , Dugger KJ , et al. , 2002 . Phenotypic analysis of the murine CD4-related glycoprotein, CD223 (LAG-3) . Eur J Immunol , 32 ( 8 ): 2255 - 2263 . https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4141(200208)32:8<2255::Aid-immu2255>3.0.Co;2-a https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4141(200208)32:8<2255::Aid-immu2255>3.0.Co;2-a

Workman CJ , Wang Y , El Kasmi KC , et al. , 2009 . LAG-3 regulates plasmacytoid dendritic cell homeostasis . J Immunol , 182 ( 4 ): 1885 - 1891 . https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0800185 https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0800185

Wu CY , Cao X , Zhang XJ , 2021 . VISTA inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy: a short perspective on recent progresses . RSC Med Chem , 12 ( 10 ): 1672 - 1679 . https://doi.org/10.1039/d1md00185j https://doi.org/10.1039/d1md00185j

Xiao YL , Chen J , Zhou H , et al. , 2022 . Combining p53 mRNA nanotherapy with immune checkpoint blockade reprograms the immune microenvironment for effective cancer therapy . Nat Commun , 13 : 758 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28279-8 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28279-8

Xu C , Chen YP , Du XJ , et al. , 2018 . Comparative safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer: systematic review and network meta-analysis . BMJ , 363 : k4226 . https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k4226 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k4226

Xu L , Yan X , Ding WY , 2022 . Meta-analysis of efficacy from CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in cancer patients . Front Oncol , 12 : 876098 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.876098 https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.876098

Yao S , Wang SD , Zhu YW , et al. , 2009 . PD-1 on dendritic cells impedes innate immunity against bacterial infection . Blood , 113 ( 23 ): 5811 - 5818 . https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-02-203141 https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-02-203141

Yarchoan M , Hopkins A , Jaffee EM , 2017 . Tumor mutational burden and response rate to PD-1 inhibition . N Engl J Med , 377 ( 25 ): 2500 - 2501 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1713444 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1713444

Yasuda K , Nakanishi K , Tsutsui H , 2019 . Interleukin-18 in health and disease . Int J Mol Sci , 20 ( 3 ): 649 . https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030649 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030649

Ye Q , Shen Y , Wang X , et al. , 2010 . Hypermethylation of HLA class I gene is associated with HLA class I down-regulation in human gastric cancer . Tissue Antigens , 75 ( 1 ): 30 - 39 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01390.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01390.x

Yin YZ , Shi LL , Yang J , et al. , 2022 . B7 family member H4 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells . Bioengineered , 13 ( 1 ): 107 - 118 . https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2021.2009411 https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2021.2009411

Yu X , Harden K , Gonzalez LC , et al. , 2009 . The surface protein TIGIT suppresses T cell activation by promoting the generation of mature immunoregulatory dendritic cells . Nat Immunol , 10 ( 1 ): 48 - 57 . https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.1674 https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.1674

Zarour HM , 2016 . Reversing T-cell dysfunction and exhaustion in cancer . Clin Cancer Res , 22 ( 8 ): 1856 - 1864 . https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-15-1849 https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-15-1849

Zhang RR , Wang LM , Shen JJ , 2020 . Overexpression of miR-32 inhibits the proliferation and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells by targeting BTLA . Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci , 24 ( 9 ): 4671 - 4678 . https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202005_21154 https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202005_21154

Zhou T , Damsky W , Weizman OE , et al. , 2020 . IL-18BP is a secreted immune checkpoint and barrier to IL-18 immunotherapy . Nature , 583 ( 7817 ): 609 - 614 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2422-6 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2422-6

Zhu C , Anderson AC , Schubart A , et al. , 2005 . The Tim-3 ligand galectin-9 negatively regulates T helper type 1 immunity . Nat Immunol , 6 ( 12 ): 1245 - 1252 . https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1271 https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1271

Zingg D , Arenas-Ramirez N , Sahin D , et al. , 2017 . The histone methyltransferase Ezh2 controls mechanisms of adaptive resistance to tumor immunotherapy . Cell Rep , 20 ( 4 ): 854 - 867 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.007